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Funds II Theory > Module 3: Urinary and Bowel Elimination > Flashcards

Module 3: Urinary and Bowel Elimination Flashcards

1
Q

Hypermotility

A

Adult with greater than 3 stools/day

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2
Q

Hypomotility

A

Adult with less than 1 stool/week

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3
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Abnormally distended rectal veins

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4
Q

Paralytic Ileus

A

Paralysis of intestinal peristalsis

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5
Q

White or clay-colored stool

A

Absence of bile or the use of antacids

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6
Q

Light brown stool

A

Diet high in milk products (light color is from the Ca)

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7
Q

Pale, fatty stool

A

Malabsorption of fat

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8
Q

Black, tarry stool

A

Use of iron meds, upper GI bleeds, lg quantities of red meat

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9
Q

Red stool

A

Bleeding in lower intestinal tract or hemorrhoids

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10
Q

Narrow, pencil shaped stool

A

Intestinal constriction (inflammation)

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11
Q

Small, marble-shaped stool

A

Constipation/ slow peristalsis/ dehydration

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12
Q

Hard stool

A

Dehydration/ slow peristalsis/ constipation

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13
Q

Liquid stool

A

Diarrhea/ rapid peristalsis

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14
Q

Strong, foul odor

A

Blood, infection (C. Diff)

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15
Q

Small amounts of watery, “oozy” stool

A

Can see it in bowel obstruction

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16
Q

Increased bowel sounds (hyperactive)

A

Diarrhea / rapid peristalsis

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17
Q

Decreased bowel sounds (hypoactive)

A

Constipation / slowed peristalsis

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18
Q

Absent bowel sounds

A

only be conclusively documented if each quadrant has been listened to for 5 minutes EACH and occur during obstructions

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19
Q

Discuss patient teaching and how to promote normal bowel functioning

A

Avoid stimulant laxatives (cause painful peristalsis/diarrhea which could lead to dehydration/electrolyte imbalance)

Adequate fiber intake (increases wt and size of stool and softens it)

AT LEAST 6-8 glasses of water per day

Maintain regular eating schedule

Avoid “holding in” BM (causes more water to be absorbed in colon)

Be active/exercise

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20
Q

Slowed Peristalsis Cause

A

Some foods: cheese, milk, etc
Narcotic pain meds
Antacids
Iron supplements (can also turn stool black/dark brown)
Stress
Immobility
Nerve damage (from things like abdominal surgery/spinal cord injury)
Food allergies
Dehydration

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21
Q

Rapid Peristalsis Causes

A

Antibiotics
Laxatives
Magnesium
Vitamin C
Stress
Food allergies/lactose intolerance
Infections
Bowel diseases: IBS, Celiac disease, crohn’s disease/ulcerative colitis
Caffeine

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22
Q

Stool Softener

A

Helps liquid mix into stool

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23
Q

Osmotic Laxative

A

Draws water into bowel from surrounding tissue to provide a soft stool mass and improved propulsion

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24
Q

Stimulant Laxative

A

Causes peristalsis (can be painful and cause diarrhea)

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25
Q

Causes of Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis

A

CONSTIPATION (low fiber diet, dehydration), high fat/residue diet, age, genetics, obesity

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26
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Walls of intestines weaken and pouches form (additional diverticula)

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27
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation/infection of the diverticulum

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28
Q

Assessment Findings of Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis

A

Pain
Fever
Nausea
Vomiting
Chills
Cramping
Constipation
Abdominal tenderness
Distension
Change in bowel habits
Indigestion

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29
Q

Possible Complications for Diverticulitis

A

Risk of infection (peritonitis) -> sepsis

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30
Q

Avoid what for Diverticulitis

A

kernels and seeds / high residue diet
Stimulant laxatives

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31
Q

Polyps

A

Mass or finger like projections on the inner lining of the colon

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32
Q

Ileostomy

A

In ileum of small intestine, avoids all of the colon
Increased caloric diet, supplements (risk of malnutrition)
Watery stool

33
Q

Ascending Colostomy

A

Pudding thick stool

34
Q

Transverse Colostomy

A

Less watery/ semi-formed stool

35
Q

Sigmoid Colostomy

A

Formed stool

36
Q

Discuss the assessment of stomas

A

Expected to be beefy red and moist
Assess peri area for breakdown

37
Q

Autonomic bladder

A

Bladder no longer controlled by the brain because of injury or disease; void by reflex only

38
Q

Continent

A

Having self-control over urination

39
Q

Enuresis

A

Involuntary urination

40
Q

Functional incontinence

A

State in which a person experiences an involuntary, unpredictable passage of urine

41
Q

Incontinent

A

Experiencing involuntary or uncontrolled loss of urine or feces

42
Q

Micturition

A

Process of emptying the bladder; urination; voiding

43
Q

Nephrotoxic

A

Capable of causing kidney damage (e.g. meds)

44
Q

Nocturia

A

Excessive urination during the night

45
Q

Overflow incontinence

A

Involuntary loss of urine associated with overdistention and overflow of the bladder

46
Q

Reflex incontinence

A

Emptying of the bladder without the sensation of the need to void

47
Q

Specific gravity

A

a laboratory test that shows the concentration of all chemical particles in the urine

48
Q

Stress incontinence

A

State in which the person experiences a loss of urine of less than 50 mL that occurs with increased abdominal pressure

49
Q

Total incontinence

A

Continuous and unpredictable loss of urine, resulting from surgery, trauma, or physical malformation

50
Q

Transient incontinence

A

Occurrence that appears suddenly and lasts for 6 months or less and usually is caused by treatable factors, such as confusion secondary to acute illness, infection, and as a result of medical treatment, such as the use of diuretics or IV fluid administration

51
Q

Urge incontinence

A

State in which a person experiences involuntary passage of urine that occurs soon after a strong sense of urgency to void

52
Q

Urinary retention

A

Inability to void although urine is produced by the kidneys and enters the bladder; excessive storage of urine in the bladder

53
Q

Kidney Function

A

Regulate blood volume, BP, electrolyte levels, and acid-base balance
Produces the hormone erythropoietin (stimulates RBC production)
Secretes renin (which promotes the production of angiotensin, causing systemic vasoconstriction)
Activates vitamin D (necessary for body to absorb calcium)

54
Q

Glomerulus Function

A

Where wastes, toxins, excess ions, and water are filtered out from blood

55
Q

Increased Urinary Output Causes

A

Diabetes, UTIs (sometimes), diuretics, increased intake

56
Q

Decreased Urinary Output Causes

A

Dehydration, high fever, antihistamines and drugs with anticholinergic effects, some antidepressants

57
Q

Be able to identify normal urine output (hourly and daily amounts)

A

At least 30 mL/hour or 720 mL/24 hours
50-60 mL is ideal

58
Q

GFR: what it measures, normal range, what increases it, what decreases it

A

Amount of blood being filtered by kidneys per minute
>90 mL/min
Increase: increased blood volume and increased blood pressure
Decrease: dehydration, decreased CO, kidney failure

59
Q

BUN: what it measures, normal range, what increases it, what decreases it

A

A waste product that is produced when proteins are broken down by the liver for metabolism
7-24 mg/dL
Increase: kidney failure, dehydration
Decrease: diet low in protein, malnutrition, severe liver damage overhydration

60
Q

Creatinine: what it measures, normal range, what increases it, what decreases it

A

Waste product made of creatine (supplies energy to muscles); produced by normal wear and tear on muscles
0.5-1.5 mg/dL
Increase: kidney failure, kidney infection
Decrease: muscle loss, severe liver disease, low protein diet

61
Q

Cystitis

A

bladder infection

62
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

UTI, kidney infection

63
Q

Urinalysis

A

Test that looks at a small sample of urine; checks appearance, concentration, and contents

64
Q

C&S

A

Test that identifies what is causing the UTI and identifies what antibiotic will most likely kill that microbe

65
Q

Renal Failure Assessment Findings

A

Edema (anasarca), dry/itchy skin (bc of toxin buildup), pallor (low Hgb), JVD, muscle cramps (high K), dehydration, fatigue, NVD, oliguria/anuria, SOB (bc of metabolic acidosis) (Kussmaul Breathing)

66
Q

Renal Failure Interventions

A

Daily weights, fluid restriction, low Na/K/protein/phosphorus diet, control BP and glucose, symptom management

67
Q

UTIs Assessment Findings

A

Dysuria, urinary frequency and urgency, cloudy urine with foul odor

68
Q

UTIs Interventions

A

Increase fluid intake, antibiotics, pain management, heating pad

69
Q

Renal/bladder calculi Assessment Findings

A

Pain, hematuria, fever and chills, vomiting, frequent urination, sweating, cloudy/foul smelling urine

70
Q

Renal/bladder calculi Interventions

A

Pain management, increase fluid intake, ambulation, monitor I&O (look for stones)

71
Q

Discuss nursing interventions to promote normal/healthy urination

A

Adequate fluid intake, ambulation

72
Q

Discuss ways to prevent UTI

A

Urinate after sex, stay well hydrated, take showers instead of baths, wipe front to back

73
Q

Clean Catch

A

Collected during midstream (sterile specimen)

74
Q

Sterile Specimen

A

May be obtained by catheterizing the pt’s bladder or taking specimen from indwelling catheter

75
Q

24 hr Collection

A

All urine is collected for 24 hours

76
Q

Indwelling Catheter

A

Catheter that remains in place for continuous urine drainage (Foley)

77
Q

Straight Catheter

A

Intermittent urethral catheter; drain bladder for shorter periods of time

78
Q

CBIs

A

A procedure that flushes the bladder with sterile liquid; removes urine, blood, etc from the body; may be done to prevent or remove clots after surgery on urinary system or prostate resection (TURP – transurethral resection of the prostate)

Funds II Theory (7 decks)

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