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Question 1

proof that addiction can be genetic

Answer 1

Carmelli et al (1992) - identical twins had a higher chance of developing a smoking addiction if one was a smoker because they share more genes.

Question 2

evidence to support social support as a cause of obidence

Answer 2

Hoffling (1966): a doctor told nurses to overdose a patient and the nurses blindly obeyed

Rank and Jacobson (1977): replicated the study exept he allowed the nurses to seek support first, and obidience levels dropped significantly

Question 3

ambiguity leads to greater compliance

Answer 3

Hoffling (1966): a doctor told nurses to overdose a patient with an unknown drug and the nurses blindly obeyed

Rank and Jacobson (1977): replicated the study; the drug used for this study was known so obidience levels dropped

Question 3

ambiguity leads to greater compliance

Answer 3

Hoffling (1966): a doctor told nurses to overdose a patient and the nurses blindly obeyed

Rank and Jacobson (1977): replicated the study exept he allowed the nurses to seek support first, and obidience levels dropped significantly

Question 4

Solomon Asch

Answer 4

Participants had to chose which of the 3 lines were the same length as the test line

confederates were told to give wrong answers on some of the trials

One the third trial, the subject denies the evidence of his own eyes and yeilds to group influence

Question 5

conformity situational factor (size of the majority)

Answer 5

Solomon Asch - conformity was 3% with one confederate, 13% with two confederates, 32% with three

the best (optimum) number for maximum conformity is 3 or 4 people

Question 6

conformity situational factor (unanimity of the majority)

Answer 6

Solomon Asch - if most of the confederates picked the wrong line but one picked the correct one, conformity rates dropped

everyone has to agree for conformity to occur

Question 7

conformity situational factor (Task difficulty)

Answer 7

Solomon Asch - repeated the experiment where the lines were more similar to the test line so the answer was more ambiguous and conformity rates increased

Question 8

Operant Conditioning as an explanation of criminality

Answer 8

Skinner (1948) developed a therory of learning called Opernat Conditioning .

Behaviours were likely to be repeated if they are reinforced and estinguished is they are punished

Question 9

evidence to support that people with high PEN scores have criminal behaviours

Answer 9

David Farrington reviewed lots of offenders and found that there was a relationship between high P and N scores and criminal behaviour but no relationship with high E scores.

Question 10

what did karl Christiansen conclude about criminality and twin studies?

Answer 10

If identical twins are more likley to become criminals then there could be evidence that criminality has a genetic basis

Question 11

Evidence for genetic links for addiction

Answer 11

Blum et al (1991) - alchoholics has had increased frequency of alleles of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) compared to non-alchoholics

Question 12

observation and immitation of a role model for addiction

Answer 12

Bandura, Ross, Ross (1961) - children observed and immitated role model aggression meaning that that can happen with addiction

Question 13

proof that DRD2 gene and alchohol actualy have no correlation

Answer 13

Suarez et al (1994) -failed to replicate findings so the link is controversial and other nature factors such as role models and environmental factors must be influential in addiction too

Question 14

proof that antidepressants actualy do work

Answer 14

Geddes et al. (2003) - relapse of 41% for a placebp compard to 18% for those taking antidepressants