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UK Government and Politics > Parliament > Flashcards

Parliament Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the most important person in parliament?

A

Prime Minister

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2
Q

What does the PM usually command over?

A

An overall majority in the the commons - 2010-2015 and 2017-2019 were exceptions.

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3
Q

What dominated the legislature?

A

Executive

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4
Q

What is parliament meant to do?

A

Scrutinise and check the government?

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5
Q

What is the reality when the PM has a large majority?

A

Elective dictatorship - can rely on getting their way in a vote.

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6
Q

Who is the Speaker?

A

The speaker acts as the chair of parliament, aiming to keep order and ensure as many MP s as possible from a range of parties are able to speak

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7
Q

What can the Speaker do?

A

Suspend MPs who break parliamentary rules

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8
Q

Example of a parliamentary rule?

A

Not allowed to call a fellow MP a liar.

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9
Q

Example of a suspension?

A

John Bercow suspended Dennis Skinner for calling Cameron Dodgy Dave.

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10
Q

How is a Speaker selected?

A

Elected position

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11
Q

How was Lindsay Hoyle elected?

A

4th Ballot in November 2019 - unanimously re-elected after the general election.

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12
Q

What does tradition suggest about their party affiliation?

A

Renounce it to ensure impartiality.

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13
Q

What happens at election time concerning the Speaker?

A

Major political parties do not oppose them.

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14
Q

Who was forced to resign due to an expenses scandal?

A

Michael Martin 2000-2009

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15
Q

Who was seen as bias?

A

John Bercow - alleged favouritism of opposition MPs and his lack of cooperation on the Brexit Bill

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16
Q

Who is the Leader of the House of Commons?

A

Penny Mordaunt - previously Rees-Mogg

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17
Q

What is the role of the Leader of the House?

A

Government’s business manager - need to ensure that the Commons runs smoothly and that bills are timetabled.

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18
Q

When does the Leader of the house tell the business schedule for the following week?

A

Thursdays

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19
Q

What is a party whip?

A

Whips are in charge of discipline and ensuring as far as they can that MPs stay loyal and vote the way their leaders dictat

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20
Q

How to do they ensure MPs vote the right way?

A

Explain the reasons for the PMs stance.

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21
Q

What is a three line whip?

A

When a party believes all their members will vote unanimously

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22
Q

What does having the whip withdrawn mean?

A

The MP is suspended from the party - usually temporary.

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23
Q

Why would a whip be withdrawn?

A

MP does something to bring the party into disrepute.

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24
Q

Who went on I’m a Celeb without informing party leadership?

A

Nadine Dorries

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25
Q

How many MPs did Boris remove the whip from

A

21 MPs - defied instructions not to support a motion to take control of parliamentary business from the govt. during Brexit.

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26
Q

How many of the 21 had the whip restored?

A

10

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27
Q

How many of the 21 decided to run as independents?

A

5

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28
Q

What did Julian Lewis do in 2020?

A

Elected chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee, defeating the government’s favourite, Chris Grayling.

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29
Q

What did the government accuse Lewis of doing?

A

Working with Labour for his advantage.

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30
Q

Who are the Front Benchers?

A

Ministers in government.

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31
Q

What are backbenchers?

A

Ordinary MPs

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32
Q

How are backbenchers an issue for parties?

A

Can rebel and criticise their own party.

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33
Q

Example of a rebel Backbencher

A

Jeremy Corbyn for the Blair/Brown leadership.

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34
Q

How many government bills were debated between 2015-2017?

A

55

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35
Q

How many government bills were passed between 2015-2017?

A

48

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36
Q

How many Private Members Bills were introduced in 2015-2017?

A

324

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37
Q

How many PMB were passed in 2015-2017

A

14

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38
Q

What is a public bill?

A

Bills that apply to everyone once it becomes law

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39
Q

What is a private bill?

A

Only applies to a certain group of people.

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40
Q

Example of a Private Bill?

A

Middle Level Act 2018 - regulated navigation in part of the East Anglia Fens.

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41
Q

How many bills are passed each year?

A

30-40

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42
Q

How many bills were passed in 2019?

A

31

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43
Q

How many bills received royal assent in the 2021-2022 session?

A

50

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44
Q

What is a green paper?

A

Government document setting out issues and options for legislation - discussion document. Usually comes from civil servants.

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45
Q

Example of a Green Paper?

A

Adult Social Care September 2019

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46
Q

What is a white paper?

A

Government document setting out detailed plans and proposals for legislation.

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47
Q

What has increased?

A

Pre-legislative scrutiny - draft bills are sometimes published are scrutinised by a select committee or joint committee before they are formally introduced to parliament

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48
Q

Example of Pre-legislative scrutiny

A

Inquiry into the draft Tenant Fees Bill in November 2017 by the Communities and Local Government select committee in advance of its being debated in parliament.

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49
Q

What happens at the Monarch’s Speech?

A

Outline of the government’s legislative programme

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50
Q

What is the first stage of the legislative process?

A

First Reading

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51
Q

What is the First reading?

A

The formal introduction of the bills by the relevant government minister

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52
Q

What is the second reading?

A

Main debate on the principles of the bill.

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53
Q

When was the last government defeat at the second reading?

A

1986 - Sunday Trading Bill defeated 296-282

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54
Q

What is the committee stage?

A

Bill is considered line by line by a public bill committee - amendments suggested.

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55
Q

Who can Public Bill Committees call?

A

Expert witnesses.

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56
Q

Why are major changes unlikely at committee stage?

A

Government has majority on the committee

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57
Q

How long does a public bill committee last?

A

The lifetime of a bill.

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58
Q

How many MPs appointed to committees brought relevant experience?

A

63% - between 2000 and 2010

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59
Q

How many amendments accepted came from specialised MPs?

A

87%

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60
Q

What is the report stage?

A

Any amendments agreed in a committee are considered by the commons, can be accepted, rejected or changed. Also an opportunity for further amendments.

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61
Q

What is the third reading?

A

Final Debate - no more changes can be made - leads to a divide.

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62
Q

What is it called when a bill goes back and forth between the two houses?

A

Parliamentary Ping-Pong

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63
Q

Example of Parliamentary Ping Pong

A

Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005

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64
Q

How many times was PTA 2005 considered?

A

5 in the Lords and 4 in the Commons for 30 hours.

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65
Q

What can the commons invoke to stop the ping pong?

A

Parliament Act - bill becomes law within the year.

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66
Q

When was the last time the Parliament act used?

A

2004 for the Hunting Act.

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67
Q

What did Gina Miller’s case do?

A

Forced the government to get parliamentary approval for its Brexit deal.

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68
Q

How badly did May lose in the first vote on her Brexit Bill?

A

432-202

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69
Q

How bad was the second vote?

A

391-242

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70
Q

When was article 50 extended to?

A

22nd May 2019 - if there was an agreement passed by 29th March

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71
Q

How badly was the third vote defeated?

A

344 to 286

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72
Q

What act was passed in April 2019

A

The Copper Letwin Act

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73
Q

What was the Copper Letwin Act?

A

Request an extension to 31st October 2019

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74
Q

When was the EU Withdrawal Act No.2 Passed?

A

September 2019

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75
Q

What did the EU withdrawal Act No. 2 do?

A

Extension to the 31st January.

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76
Q

What happened on the 19th October?

A

Revised withdrawal agreement

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77
Q

How much was the new agreement passed by?

A

322 to 306

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78
Q

When was the European Union Act passed?

A

23rd January 2020

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79
Q

What was the majority on the EU Act?

A

99 - no tory opposition.

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80
Q

How many days scrutiny did the EU Act have?

A

11 days

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81
Q

What is secondary legislation?

A

Laws that are derived from provisions within primary legislation for the relevant minister to introduce new clauses or changes

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82
Q

Example of Secondary Legsislation

A

Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 - allows the government to more easily add drugs to the list of banned substances

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83
Q

What acts were derived from PMBs?

A

Abortion Act 1967 and Abolition of Capital Punishment in 1969

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84
Q

How many names are drawn out of a ballot for a ballot bill?

A

20 names

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85
Q

What is the benefit of a ballot bill?

A

Have a higher than average chance of being passed

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86
Q

What is the disadvantage of a ballot bill?

A

Only stand a chance if they are uncontroversial.

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87
Q

What bill had government withdraw its support?

A

Turing Bill 2016 - would have pardoned all men living with UK convictions for same sex-offences. Speaking for 25 minutes, meaning the bill failed to progress.

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88
Q

What bill was stopped in 2018?

A

Up-skirting bill - single objection from Christopher Chope.

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89
Q

How many ballot bills were passed in 2017-2019?

A

Just 4 - example: Assaults on Emergency Workers Act 2018

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90
Q

Why are 10 minute bills important?

A

Backbenchers can raise issues of concern relating to their constituencies.

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91
Q

Example of 10 minute rule bill?

A

Guardianship Act 2017: new legal status of guardian of the affairs of a missing person.

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92
Q

When is a presentation bill presented?

A

Presented only during a Friday sitting.

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93
Q

What are presentation bills used to address?

A

Discrete, non-controversial policy issues and to resolve anomalies in the law

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94
Q

What is unique about a presentation bill?

A

No debate and no speech.

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95
Q

How do Backbenchers influence government legislation?

A

Apply pressure before the bill reaches the floor

96
Q

What is the government keen to do?

A

Buy off rebels in advance by making changes to the bill before it is debated.

97
Q

What was abandoned in 2011?

A

Privatise some of English forests.

98
Q

What did labour backbenchers persuade Blair to do?

A

Bring in the Corporate Manslaughter Bill in 2006

99
Q

Who do MPs represent?

A

Constituents, party, special interests groups.

100
Q

How many MPs continue to undertake jobs outside of parliament?

A

18%

101
Q

Which MP is a nurse?

A

Maria Caufield

102
Q

What do MPs do to represent a particular interest?

A

Join all-party groups comprising other MPs who share similar views.

103
Q

What do MPs host to listen to concerns of constituents?

A

Weekly surgeries.

104
Q

What is redress of grievances?

A

An MP does not have the power to fix all issues but can raise issues with local councils.

105
Q

How many pieces of communication did one MP receive in their first 10 months?

A

38400

106
Q

What are inner city MPs receive more requests for?

A

Help for housing and social benefits.

107
Q

What is the Burkean Theory?

A

Idea of trusteeship - take into account constituents views but use their personal judgement

108
Q

Why should MPs be allowed to use their own judgement?

A

They have expertise.

109
Q

How has the Burkean theory been weakened?

A

Strong party ties and the parliamentary whipping system

110
Q

How did Nick Boles defy his constituents?

A

Represented a Leave constituency but supported remain - voted against own party in Brexit votes.

111
Q

What is a vote of conscience?

A

MPs follow their own conscience or belief in the common good. Long been custom that such votes are “unwhipped”.

112
Q

Example of a conscience vote?

A

2013 vote on Gay Marriage - Cameron back the vote - half the party rebelled or abstained.

113
Q

How many tories voted for gay marriage?

A

127 - 136 tory votes overall.

114
Q

How many Labour MPs voted against gay marriage?

A

22

115
Q

Why could MPs rebel from party leadership?

A

Gay marriage wasn’t a part of the manifesto

116
Q

What is the delegate theory?

A

Elected officials are simply mouthpieces for constituencies

117
Q

Why is the delegate theory so hard to put into practice?

A

Impossible for an MP to know what views their constituents hold.

118
Q

What are the benefits of the delegate theory?

A

Direct representation, removes the subjectivity of the MP

119
Q

What happened in 2015?

A

Zac Goldsmith promised he would resign if the government backed a third runway at Heathrow

120
Q

What did Stephen Lloyd do?

A

Promised to support Brexit - honouring the referendum and his constituency. Lost in 2019

121
Q

What is the Mandate Theory?

A

Elected officials are primarily there to represent the manifesto of their party.

122
Q

What happened to Frank Field?

A

Left Labour in 2019 and stoop as an independent and was defeated in Birkenhead.

123
Q

Where was Anne Milton defeated after leaving the Tories?

A

Guildford

124
Q

What happened to Douglas Carswell in 2014?

A

Left the Tories, Joined UKIP and retained his seat in the by-election and the 2015 general election

125
Q

What is the biggest flaw of Mandate theory?

A

FPTP - most MPs don’t get the majority of the vote.

126
Q

What happened in 2003?

A

139 Labour MPS rebelled against Blair over the invasion of Iraq

127
Q

What percentage of parliament are women?

A

35% in the House of commons, 28% in the Lords

128
Q

What percentage of Lib dems are women?

A

69%

129
Q

What percentage of MPs are non-white?

A

10%

130
Q

How many openly LGBTQ+ MPs are there?

A

45

131
Q

How many MPs went to independent schools?

A

173

132
Q

How many MPs went to Oxbridge?

A

21%

133
Q

How many MPs went to a Russel Group?

A

1/3

134
Q

How many members of the House of Lords are non-white?

A

6%

135
Q

What is the average age of the HoL?

A

69

136
Q

How many Lords attended private school?

A

57%

137
Q

What is the diversity of hereditary peers?

A

All men, all white

138
Q

Example of a select committee?

A

Digital, Cultural, Media and Sport Committee

139
Q

What is the dominant form of questions as scrutiny?

A

Written questions

140
Q

When are PMQs?

A

Wednesdays.

141
Q

What is the nature of opposition questions?

A

Punch and Judy politics

142
Q

What questions do the majority party tend to ask?

A

Patsy questions

143
Q

What was the impact of PMQs on the Owen Paterson Case?

A

Negative media coverage and outspoken backbenchers - lead to a U turn

144
Q

What is the most direct form of scrutiny?

A

Questions

145
Q

What else do PMQs allow?

A

Offer opportunities for the leader of the opposition to stake a claim by delivering a “better” debating performance. E.G. David Cameron 2005 “was the future once”

146
Q

What is the main criticism of PMQs?

A

Too played up for the media - lose faith in parliament due to the nature of the point scoring.

147
Q

What did Bill Cash do as a backbencher?

A

Raise the profile of the EU issue

148
Q

What is the role of the opposition?

A

Scrutiny, shadow cabinet, promoting alternative policies and approaches

149
Q

What does the Leader of the Opposition have?

A

Special privileges in debates - opening question at PMQs and are the only MP to be able to respond with further questions.

150
Q

How many opposition days are there?

A

20 days - 17 to the Official opposition, and the rest to the second largest opposition party.

151
Q

What issues did Labour raise in 2018?

A

Grenfell, school funding and NHS privatisation.

152
Q

What happened in 2009?

A

Motion to allow Gurkhas to settle in the UK passed - 27 Labour rebelled and supported the opposition - first defeat on an opposition day since 1997.

153
Q

What can members of the shadow cabinet do?

A

Debate their counterpart and propose alternative policies.

154
Q

What was the influence of opposition from the Lib Dems during the coalition?

A

Tories dropped proposals to lower inheritance tax.

155
Q

What can select committees do?

A

Publish critical reports on the government

156
Q

What is the power of the opposition dependent on?

A

Parliamentary arithmetic - small majority = more powerful opposition.

157
Q

What depletes the opposition’s power?

A

National emergency - generally expected that there will be consensus and a lack of political point scoring.

158
Q

What was partly influenced by the opposition?

A

Furlough and the job security plan during COVID

159
Q

How was Diane Abbott criticised?

A

Lack of grasp on numbers and details in 2017 after appearing on LBC to discuss the police.

160
Q

What does a healthy opposition do?

A

Sustain the democratic process through scrutiny but not being a roadblock.

161
Q

What is a select committee?

A

A committee who’s role is to scrutinise a government department

162
Q

Who make up a select committee?

A

Backbenchers with an equal party weighting as the majority in parliament.

163
Q

What do select committees want to know?

A

How well public policies are working in the real world.

164
Q

How are the chairs of committees selected?

A

Secret Ballot

165
Q

Example of a chair of a committee?

A

Jeremy Hunt - ex health secretary - chair of the health committee

166
Q

What does the government have to do following a select committee report?

A

Respond publicly but don’t have to take the changes forward.

167
Q

What is the party cohesion in a select committee?

A

More bipartisan

168
Q

Who can select committees call?

A

Witnesses like civil servants and ministers.

169
Q

How much did press mentions of the Home Affair rise between 2008 and 2012?

A

295 to 2033

170
Q

What else do select committees do?

A

Scrutinise executive appointments.

171
Q

How many departments had select committee reports between 2010 and 2019?

A

125/1325

172
Q

What do backbenchers enjoy?

A

Parliamentary privilege

173
Q

What is parliamentary privilege?

A

Free from all laws of slander and contempt of court.

174
Q

What do debates do?

A

Offer MPs the opportunity to raise concerns and opinions and can force the government to change its mind.

175
Q

Example of an effective debate?

A

August 2013: evidence Bashar al Assad was using chemical weapons against civilians in the civil war - Cameron proposed air strikes against al-Assad’s forces

176
Q

How much did Cameron lose by?

A

285-272

177
Q

What happened in 2018?

A

Lord Peter Hain broke an interim injunction to name Philip Green as the man behind a court injunction banning a newspaper from naming him

178
Q

What is an emergency debate?

A

MP has three minutes to put their request to the house.

179
Q

How are emergency debates called?

A

Granted by the speaker - must be on a “specific and important matter that should have urgent consideration.”

180
Q

How many emergency debates took place in the 2017-2019 session?

A

22

181
Q

Example of a non-partisan debate?

A

Contaminated blood scandal - concerned patients being given contaminated blood samples during transfusions and contracting conditions : Hep C and HIV. July 2017: Diana Johnson (Labour).

182
Q

What does the Backbench Business Committee allow?

A

Gives MPs more opportunities to shape Commons business - decides the topic of debate for one day a week - Commons and Westminster Hall .

183
Q

How often do Westminster hall debates occur?

A

4 days a week

184
Q

How are debates allocated in Westminster Hall?

A

Ballot

185
Q

What happened 12 Feb 2020?

A

Cumbria MP and Lib Dem leader (former) Tim Farron topic of support for hill farmers.

186
Q

What debate did Ben Bradley lead?

A

Education and white working-class boys’ attainment.

187
Q

Why is the impact of Westminster Hall debates questionable?

A

Cannot compel the government to act - can only force them to reply.

188
Q

How many signature does a petition need to get to be discussed?

A

100,000

189
Q

How many signatures did the sick pay petition receive?

A

700,000

190
Q

How many signatures did the NHS parking fee petition get?

A

415,000

191
Q

What was the impact of the NHS petition?

A

Government found additional money for the NHS trust to cover staff costs.

192
Q

How many signatures did the trump ban petition collect?

A

1 million

193
Q

How has the number of payroll MPs increased?

A

101 in 1960 to 141 in 2018 - 134 in 2020

194
Q

How many Lords amendments to Johnson’s Brexit Bill were agreed by the Commons?

A

5 suggested, not one agreed

195
Q

What did Tanmanjeet Singh do?

A

Challenged Johnson’s islamophobia

196
Q

What did Alexander Scrimgeour do?

A

Argues for fewer MPs in the HoC

197
Q

What is Lord Freyberg against?

A

University fees

198
Q

How many times has Caroline Lucas spoken in parliament?

A

Over 1600 times

199
Q

What are the three roles of MPs?

A

Represent, Legislate and Scrutinise

200
Q

Who are Life Peers?

A

Appointees for their lifetime only

201
Q

What created life peers?

A

Life Peerages Act 1958

202
Q

How many life peers are there?

A

687

203
Q

How many life peers are tory?

A

218

204
Q

How many life peers are Labour?

A

176

205
Q

How many life peers are lib dem?

A

83

206
Q

How many life peers are crossbenchers?

A

153

207
Q

Who are life peers nominated by?

A

PM

208
Q

Example of Life Peer?

A

Lord Sugar

209
Q

How many hereditary peers are there?

A

92

210
Q

How many of the hereditary peers were elected by their peers?

A

75 out of the 92

211
Q

What act removed the entitlement of most of the hereditary peers?

A

House of Lords Act 1999

212
Q

How many of the hereditary peers are tory?

A

47

213
Q

Who are the Lord spirituals

A

Archbishops of Canterbury, York - Bishops of London, Durham and Winchester.

214
Q

How many Lord spirituals are there?

A

26

215
Q

How many peers are there?

A

784

216
Q

How many reports did the Lord produce on policy areas in 2016-2017?

A

41 reports

217
Q

How much of their time do the Lords spent on legislating?

A

60%

218
Q

Can Lords propose bills?

A

Yes

219
Q

How many bills were introduced in the House of Lords in 2017-2019?

A

149 - 67 received royal assent.

220
Q

What means that ministers will modify measure before they are introduced?

A

Anticipated reaction

221
Q

Who is Lord Krebs

A

Zoologist and expert in the field of science

222
Q

Who is Lord Mandelson?

A

Has past political expertise - role in Blair and Brown’s government.

223
Q

How do the Lords represent?

A

Represent people in the general public - Baroness Grey Thompson - disabled people

224
Q

How many lords aren’t politically affiliated?

A

185

225
Q

How much time do Lords spend scrutinising?

A

40%

226
Q

How do lords scrutinise?

A

Questions, debates, select committees

227
Q

What do Lords Select Committees do?

A

Focus on general issues or specialist subjects.

228
Q

Who is the chair of the EU Committee?

A

Earl of Kinnoull - investigated EU documents.

229
Q

Who is the chair of the Science and Technology Committees?

A

Lord Patel - consider science and techonology

230
Q

Who is the chair of the International Relations Committee?

A

Baroness Anelay of St Johns - consider the UK’s international relations and defence policy.

231
Q

Example of an Ad Hoc committee?

A

Artificial Intelligence (2017-2018)

232
Q

What did the Lords do in 2015?

A

Voted to delay cuts to tax credits - caused the modification of these cuts in the Autumn statement

232
Q

What did the Lords do in 2015?

A

Voted to delay cuts to tax credits - caused the modification of these cuts in the Autumn statement

233
Q

How many times was the EU withdrawal bill rejected in the Lords

A

17

234
Q

How many peers claimed expenses after only speaking 5 times or less?

A

277

235
Q

How many questions were submitted between 2016-2017 from the Lords?

A

7,000

236
Q

Why did assisted dying come to the political agenda?

A

PMB by Lord Joffe in 2003

UK Government and Politics (10 decks)

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