Asbestos - Occupational Lung Disease Flashcards
How many people smoke worldwide?
1 - >2 billion
2 - >1 million
3 - >100,000
4 - 10,000
1 - >2 billion
- men = 17.5%
- women = 15.8%
How many people die each year from smoking worldwide?
1 - 100,000
2 - 1 million
3 - 5 million
4 - 2 billion
3 - 5 million
- aprox 5 million deaths/year
How does the carcinogen, tobacco from from smoking cause cancer?
1 - irritates endothelium and causes chronic inflammation
2 - smoke increases fibroblast activation that can lead to tumours
3 - smoke induces genetic mutations and malignancy
4 - all of the above
3 - smoke induces genetic mutations and malignancy
- causes lung cancer
- mesothelioma (tumour on myoepithelial cells)
In addition to containing carcinogens, tobacco also increase carbon monoxide intake. Does CO2 or O2 have a higher affinity to bind with haemoglobin?
- CO has a stroger affinity to haemoglobin
- becomes carboxyhaemoglobin
Tobacco damages cilia in the respiratory tract and reduces the muco-ciliary escalator (clearing of mucus from the lungs). What can this increase the risk of?
1 - infections
2 - malignancy
3 - granulomas
4 - fibrosis
1 - infections
- micro-organisms are difficult to remove
How does smoke cause an increase in mucus production?
1 - stimulates the secretion of surfactant from type 2 pneuomcytes
2 - damages cilary and mucus cannot be secreted
3 - seromucous glands become blocked by tobacco
4 - irritates the airways, stimulating goblet cell hyperplasia to protect the lungs
4 - irritates the airways, stimulating goblet cell hyperplasia to protect the lungs
Smoking can increase the risk of morbidity. Which of the following is associated with an increase in mortality in smokers?
1 - lung cancer
2 - mesothelioma
3 - bladder cancer
4 - renal cell cancer
5 - COPD
6 - Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)
7 - Peripheral Vascular Disease
8 - Ischemic Heart Disease
9 - Cerebrovascular Accident
10 - Foetal Growth Development
11 - all of the above
11 - all of the above
Smoking can cause dependence on cigarettes. Nicotine can be addictive, why?
- nicotine binds to nicotinic receptors - acetylcholine ⬆️
Nicotinic receptors are present throughout the body at the pre-ganglion in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. What is the main neurotransmitter that nicotine increases the release of that contributes to the addictive nature of smoking and pleasure?
1 - dopamine
2 - glutamate
3 - acetylcholine
4 - serotonin
1 - dopamine
- the mesolimbic system (a reward pathway composed
- glutamate and acetylcholine are increased, but dopamine is the main hormone
In addition to increasing pleasure, what other 2 of the following things can smoking do?
1 - increase appetite
2 - decrease appetite
3 - increase anxiety
4 - decrease anxiety
2 - decrease appetite
4 - decrease anxiety
When people try to quit smoking, this is called dependence. Does this lead to mental dependence only?
- no
- leads to both physical and psychological issues
Which one of the following is NOT one of the 5 As involved in helping people quit smoking?
1 - ASK - do you smoke
2 - ADVISE - that patients should quit
3 - ASSESS - is patient willing to quit
4 - ALERT - tell patient of risks of smoking
5 - ASSIST - provide support
6 - ARRANGE - follow up patient
4 - ALERT - tell patient of risks of smoking
Why is nicotine replacement therapy better than smoking?
1 - cheaper
2 - never addictive
3 - easier to administer
4 - no carcinogens
4 - no carcinogens
- nicotinic replacement doubles the change a patient will quit
What is the most effective treatment for smoking cessation?
1 = advise and encouragement
2 = Buproprion (Zyban)
3 = Hypnosis
4 = NRT
5 = Varenicline (Champix)
5 = Varenicline (Champix)
- binds to neuronal nicotinic Ach receptor (partial agonist)
How many people self report lung diseases due to occupation per year?
1 - 2000/year
2 - 20,000/year
3 - 200,000/year
4 - 2 million
2 - 20,000/year
What is the estimated prevalence of lung diseases due to occupation?
1 - 130/1000
2 - 130/10,000
3 - 130/100,000
4 - 130/1 million
2 - 130 / 100,000 people
How many people each year are estimated to die due to occupational exposure to toxins?
1 - 120/year
2 - 1200/year
3 - 12,000/year
4 - 120,000/year
3 - 12,000/year
Does occupational lung disease present immediately following exposure in the work place?
- no
- generally long latency period
- generally around 15-20 years
What is the most common occupational lung disease?
1 - occupational COPD
2 - occupational pneumonia
3 - occupational malignancy
4 - occupational asthma
4 - occupational asthma
- 3000/year
- 10-15% adult occupational asthma
Which if the following are the common symptoms of occupational asthma?
1 - same as normal asthma
2 - breathlessness, tight chest and wheezing 3 - cough
4 - ⬇️ PEF
5 - reduces FVC/FEV1 ratio
6 - all of the above
6 - all of the above
- symptoms may also improve when patient is at work
Which of these statements about occupational asthma is true?
1 = symptoms improve at work
2 = spirometry shows obstruction at work
3 = will not respond to asthma treatment
4 = will not improve by using mask and ventilation
5 = the allergen can always be identified
2 = spirometry shows obstruction at work
Pneumoconios is a group of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLD) (previously called interstitial lung disease (ILD) that cause lung fibrosis due to the inhalation of a variety of inorganic particles and mineral dust particles at work. Which of the following is NOT a common cause of pneumonconiosis?
1 - Coal
2 - Pollen
3 - Asbestos
4 - Silica
5 - Siderosis: iron and steel
6 - talc, beryllium, tin, barium, cobalt
2 - Pollen
- inhaled particles are typically 1-4um