Exam 2 Key Points

Question 1

When demand for NADPH is relatively high compared to demand for ribose-5-phosphate, __________________ recycles the ribose-5-phosphate back to ________

Answer 1

-nonoxidative branch
-G6P

Question 2

_____ deficiency is a common genetic abnormality

Answer 2

G6PD

Question 3

NADPH inhibits ________

Answer 3

G6PD

Question 4

The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway oxidizes _________ to ________ and reduces ______ to _________

Answer 4

-glucose-6-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate
-NADP+ to NADPH

Question 5

Ribose-5-phosphate is the precursor for _________ and _________

Answer 5

nucleotide and nucleic acids

Question 6

NADPH is used for _______ and protection from _________ damage

Answer 6

fat synthesis
oxidative

Question 7

The immediate yield of ATP in the Krebs cycle is ________. It must be coupled to ___________, will not proceed in its absence.

Answer 7

minimal
ETC

Question 8

______ of the Krebs cycle are involved in other pathways. The Krebs cycle is ______.

Answer 8

Intermediates
Amphiobolic

Question 9

Krebs cycle is nearly a ________ pathway. It ______ carbohydrates and fats to _____. Most energy is transferred to electron carriers ____ and _____. These electrons are then transferred to ____ and the energy is trapped as _____. ______ enters the cycle in mitochondria.

Answer 9

universal
oxidizes
CO2
NADH and FADH2
O2
ATP
Acetyl-CoA

Question 10

In sequential reactions, the cycle converts _____ to _______, releasing 2 ______. The intermediates are not ______. For each acetyl-coA, _____ NADH, ____FADH2 and ___ GTP are formed. The cycle is involved in other ______. Can be inhibited by ________.

Answer 10

citrate to oxaloacetate, CO2
consumed
3, 1,1
pathways
fluoroacetate

Question 11

The main control points of the Krebs cycle are:

Answer 11

citrate synthase
isocitrate dehydrogenase
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Question 12

For each pair of electrons transferred to O2:
____ protons are pumped out by complex 1
____ pumped out by complex 3
______ pumped out by complex 4
Results in a large ___________ across the inner membrane, which is used for _______.

Answer 12

4, 4, 2
proton concentration gradient
ATP synthesis

Question 13

Flow of electrons through the ETC results in _______ of protons from ____ to __________. Proton gradient provides ___ for ATP synthesis by _________, which carries out _____________
(rotation of F0 drives _____ by F1)

Answer 13

pumping
matrix to inter membrane space
energy, ATP synthase (Fo F1 complex)
rotational catalysis
ATP synthesis

Question 14

Brown adipose tissue is specialized for ____ generation. _____ allows protons to diffuse into the mitochondria matrix without ATP synthesis. Induced by _____ exposure. Stimulated by ____.

Answer 14

heat
UCP1
cold
feeding

Question 15

Fats furnish a large fraction of the ____ needs in animals. Dietary fats are emulsified by ________, hydrolyzed by _______, absorbed, reconverted to ________, then transported as _________, which deliver _______ to the tissues, where lipoprotein lipase releases ______ for uptake in cells.

Answer 15

energy
bile salts
pancreatic lipase
triacylglycerol
chylomicrons
fatty acids

Question 16

Fatty acids are _____ or ______. Triacylglycerols stored in _____ are mobilized by ____. Fatty acids circulate bound to _______.

Answer 16

oxidized or re-esterified
adipose tissue
lipases
albumin

Question 17

B-Oxidation:
In the mitochondria, four reactions remove an ______ unit from the _____ end of fatty acyl-CoA. The shortened fatty acyl-CoA re-enters ______, and another acetyl-CoA unit is removed. The acetyl-CoAs are oxidized in the _______.

Answer 17

acetyl-CoA
carboxyl
B-oxidation
Krebs cycle

Question 18

Fatty acids are the _____ substrate of many tissues. Fatty acid oxidation ____ glucose utilization (glucose fatty acid cycle).This spares glucose for the ______, which can adapt to ___ body oxidation.

Answer 18

preferred
inhibits
brain
ketone