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Term 2 > Psych Ch. 14 > Flashcards

Psych Ch. 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Personality

A

A characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is unique to each individual, and remains relatively consistent over time and situations

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2
Q

Define trait

A

a characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, or feeling

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3
Q

Idiographic approach:

A

Creating detailed descriptions of a specific person’s unique personality characteristics in an attempt to understand that person better

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4
Q

What is a Nomothetic approach?

A

Examining personality in large groups of people, with the aim of making generalizations about personality structure

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5
Q

What is the main legacy from Freud?

A

He started psychotherapy (talk therapy) and a large amount of mental processes being subconcious

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6
Q

What is the unconscious mind?

A

A vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your
conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviors

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7
Q

What is the conscious mind?

A

Your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

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8
Q

What is the Id?

A

Represents a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression

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9
Q

What is Libido?

A

Operates on the pleasure principle: do what feels good

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10
Q

What is the superego?

A

Comprised of our values and moral standards

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11
Q

What is the ego?

A

The decision maker, frequently under tension,
trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the idand superego

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12
Q

What did Freud believe about personality and anxiety?

A

“Personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
-Anxiety is produced when the components are imbalanced (e.g., when the id and superego are in conflict)

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13
Q

According to Freud, what are defense mechanisms?

A

Unconscious strategies the The ego uses to keep the Id’s impulses out of conscious awareness and balance the competing demands of pleasure, reality, and morality

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14
Q

Define Denial

A

when people refuse to admit something unpleasant is happening, that they have a
problem, or that they are feeling a forbidden emotion (defense mechansim)

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15
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

Behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite
of one’s true feelings (defense mechanism)
eg. Expressing feelings of purity when experiencing unconscious feelings about sex

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16
Q

What is rationalization?

A

creating false but plausible excuses to justify
unacceptable feelings or behaviors

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17
Q

Define repression

A

Keeping distressing desires or wishes from
conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

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18
Q

What is projection?

A

seeing one’s own traits in other people, especially if seeing that threatening trait in
others helps the individual to avoid recognizing it in their self

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19
Q

What is displacement?

A

Altering the target of one’s urges
* e.g. Angry at boss: come home and yell at children instead

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20
Q

What is identification?

A

Alleviate concerns about self-worth by unconsciously assuming the characteristics of
another person
* Can be good too!
* E.g., identification with one’s parents
results in the formation of the
superego

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21
Q

What is sublimation?

A

Transforming unacceptable impulses into
socially acceptable or even pro-social alternatives. (like turning aggression into playing sports)

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22
Q

What is the purpose of defense mechanism?

A

protect self esteem

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23
Q

What is a realistic idea of projection?

A

Attributing qualities you (or fear you) possess to others

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24
Q

What is the false consensus effect?

A

Overestimating how many people share your
traits, opinions, preferences, and motivations
similar to projection

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25
Q

More specifically Freud thinks personality comes from…

A
  • Interplay of Id/Ego/Superego
  • Contents of Id/Ego/Superego
  • Which defense mechanisms your ego employs
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26
Q

How did personality develop according to Freud?

A

many of the problems that people have with
their personalities (e.g., the defense mechanisms they particularly like to employ) are due to unresolved issues from growing up

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27
Q

At each developmental stage, the ________ manifests in particular areas of
the body, characterized by certain ____________ conflicts that need to
be resolved

A

libido; psychological

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28
Q

What are Freud’s psychosexual stages?

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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29
Q

What are the three characteristics of each psychosexual stage?

A

Physical, Psychological, and an adult character type

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30
Q

What is the physical focus?

A

where the child’s energy is concentrated
and their gratification obtained

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31
Q

What is the psychological theme in the psychosexual stages?

A

this is related to both the physical focus and the demands being made on the child by the outside world as he/she develops

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32
Q

What is the adult character type?

A

in the first three stages this adult character
type is related to being fixated or stuck at that stage

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33
Q

Define fixation in Freuds Psychosexual theory.

A

a pre-occupation with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular stage
* Part of your psychological functioning doesn’t advance past that stage
* Results in rigid personality types or unhealthy habits

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34
Q

when does the oral stage take place?

A

0-18 months

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35
Q

aspects of the oral stage

A

Physical pleasure focus: Actions
of the mouth—Sucking, chewing,
swallowing
* Psychological theme: basic
dependence & trust
* “Oral character”

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36
Q

What are the two types of Oral Character?

A
  • Oral Sadistic: envy (wanting
    more), manipulation of
    others (using the mouth to
    hurt), and suspiciousness
  • Oral Dependent:
    dependence, indulgence,
    entitlement, immaturity
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37
Q

When does the anal stage take place?

A

18-36 months

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38
Q

Aspects of anal stage

A
  • Physical: Bowel elimination & control
  • Psychological: sense of control & competence
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39
Q

What are the two types of Anal character?

A

Anal retentive: Creates rigidity, inflexibility,
stinginess: An obsession with cleanliness, order and control
Anal Expulsive: Problem with “letting it out” - sloppiness and/or a general disregard for order

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40
Q

When does the Phallic stage take place?

A

3-6 years of age

41
Q

What are the physical and psychological aspects of the phallic stage?

A

Physical: curiosity about one’s own body and others bodies (parents, siblings peers)
Psychological: Stage is necessary for moral identity and superego formation—identification with parents; internalization of parents values

42
Q

What does the phallic stage create?

A

Penis envy: girls wonder why they don’t have a penis
Castration anxiety: Boys wonder how girls lost their penis
-oedipus complex?

43
Q

What is the oedipus complex?

A

Erotic attachment to the parent of
opposite sex and feel some hostility to
same-sex parent

44
Q

Why is castration anxiety such a big part of the oedipus complex?

A

-Boys are distressed that their
mother doesn’t have a penis and
assume that their father cut it off
-They fear that their father will cut
off their penis too

45
Q

When does the oedipus complex end

A

When the child gives up on their opposite sex parent and identifies with the same sex parent

46
Q

How does phallic character show itself in men

A

In men, someone who is vain or over-ambitious – they continue to be too focused on their self and self-pleasure

47
Q

How does phallic character show itself in women

A

In women, someone who is overly dominant over men or unusually seductive – argued to be rooted in continued penis envy

48
Q

What is the latent period?

A

The sexual and aggressive drives are less
active and there is little in the way of
psychosexual conflict. People associate with their own sex

49
Q

When does the latent period take place?

A

6-puberty

50
Q

When does the genital period take place?

A

puberty onward

51
Q

What is the physical focus of the genital period?

A

Physical focus is on the genitals and
partnered intercourse

52
Q

What is the psychological focus of the genital period?

A

maturity and the creation of life (intimacy)

53
Q

The genital personality is not fixated at an earlier stage: This is the person who has worked it all out. True or false?

A

True!

54
Q

What are the critisms of Freud’s psychosexual theory?

A
  • Lack of testability (not falsifiable)
  • Drawing universal principles from the
    experiences of a few atypical patients
  • Basing theories of personality
    development on retrospective
    accounts of adults
  • Too much emphasis on parental
    influence?
  • Sexist (women = penis envy)
55
Q

What is Phrenology

A

Franz Joseph Gall thought bumps on the head = IQ
*Gall focused his attention upon the detailed configuration of the human head

56
Q

What is the basis of the myers briggs test?

A

Based on Carl Jung’s writings: he argued that people have preferences about how they use their mental capacities. Took his 4 type categories and broke them down into pieces

57
Q

What are the four “type categories” used by Carl Jung?

A
  • Introverts vs. Extroverts
  • Perceivers vs. Sensors
  • Thinkers vs. Feelers
  • People who prefer judging or intuition
58
Q

What are the problems with the Myers briggs test?

A
  • Lack of reliability
  • Lack of validity
  • Traits do not fall into
    categories
  • Incomplete description of personality
59
Q

What is the point the myers briggs test is missing when compared to the big five personality traits?

A

Neuroticsm

60
Q

What is the Forer/Barnum effect?

A

The tendency to see ourselves in vague or general statements (results are usually positive)

61
Q

How to avoid the barnum effect?

A

*Beware of all-purpose descriptions
that could apply to anyone
*Beware of your own selective
perceptions
*Resist flattery and emotional
reasoning

62
Q

Trait theory stems from…

A

Behaviorism

63
Q

Who was Gordon Allport

A

One of the most influential psychologists in the empirical study of personality

64
Q

What is a personality trait?

A

A person’s habitual patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

65
Q

What are central traits?

A

aspects of personality that reflect a characteristic way of behaving, dealing with others, and reacting to new situations

66
Q

What are secondary traits?

A

changeable aspects of personality

67
Q

How did Allport study personality?

A

Factor alalysis

68
Q

How many key personality traits did Raymond Cattel come up with?

A

16

69
Q

What were Eyesnek’s three key factors and what did he call them?

A

-psychoticsm
-extraversion
-neuroticism
SUPERFACTORS

70
Q

What is psychoticism?

A

Vulnerability to breaks from reality or for rule
breaking, and aggression
-more drug friendly, care less about hygiene and structure

71
Q

What is extraversion

A

Tendency to be out-going. Energized by social interaction

72
Q

Define Neuroticism

A

Negative emotionality

73
Q

Eyesneck viewed the PEN model as being biological…

A
  • Extraversion: level of arousal
  • Neuroticism: activation
    thresholds in sympathetic NS
    (fight of flight)
  • Psychoticism: testosterone Levels
74
Q

What are the big five?

A

Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

75
Q

What is openness to experience

A
  • Interested in trying new things,
    curiosity, imagination
  • Associated with liberal (rather
    than conservative) political
    attitudes
76
Q

What is conscientiousness?

A
  • Disciplined, well-organized,
    punctual, dependable
  • Associated with positive health-
    related behaviors, longevity, and
    high levels of achievement
    (higher GPAs)
77
Q

What is extraversion?

A
  • Outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, gregarious
  • Linked with more happiness
78
Q

What is aggreeableness

A

Sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest
* Associated with empathy

79
Q

What is Neuroticsm?

A

Anxious, self-conscious, moodiness
* Associated with divorce

80
Q

What is the H factor in HEXACO

A

honesty-humility

81
Q

What is the problem with personality?

A

We all act different in different senarios

82
Q

The personality is AT MOST r=

A

0.3 (not really correlated)

83
Q

Who came up with social-cognitive theories?

A

Walter Mischel, Albert Bandura

84
Q

Situations and social learning?

A

People display different behaviors in
different contexts

85
Q

Social-cognitive theorists believe…

A
  • Central personality traits are
    acquired from learning history and
    expectations/beliefs
  • Acknowledgement that people can
    have a core set of traits and their
    behavior can vary across situations
86
Q

What is a state?

A

A temporary physical or psychological engagement that influences behavior

87
Q

Stable parts of our personality are called …

A

Traits or disposition

88
Q

parts of ourselves that change are …

A

states

89
Q

What is traits self-esteem?

A

a more stable quality that describes people’s
general self-evaluations

90
Q

What is state self-esteem

A

refers to how people feel in the moment, how they feel right now

91
Q

Four aspects of situations that influence how personality traits are expressed:

A

-location
-association
-activities
-subjective states

92
Q

What is reciprocal determinsm?

A

Describes the interaction and mutual
influence of behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental
factors; “personalities” are based on these interactions

93
Q

Further about reciprocal determinsim…

A
  • The two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and
    aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits
  • Personality is not something “inside” the person, but rather exists
    “between” the person (their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors) and
    the environment
94
Q

internal personal factors

A

interaction of individuals and environments

95
Q

What is culture?

A

A program of shared rules that governs the behavior of members of a community or society and a set of
values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by
most members of that community

96
Q

What is our WEIRD world

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

97
Q

One study discovered that WEIRD and non WEird people are actually quite

A

alike

98
Q

are we more or less likely to assume we have our countries stereotypical behavior

A

more

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