CHAPTER 2 - L4

Question 1

The term technology, a combination of the Greek words:

Answer 1

technē, “art, craft,”

logos “word, speech,”

Question 2

The term technology meant in Greece a:

Answer 2

discourse on the arts, both fine and applied.

Question 3

When it first appeared in English in the 17th century, technology was used to mean a

Answer 3

discussion of the applied arts only

Question 4

When it first appeared in English in the 17th century, it was used to mean a discussion of the applied arts only, and gradually these “arts” themselves came to be the object of the _______

Answer 4

designation

Question 5

By the ________, the term embraced a growing range of means, processes, and ideas in addition to tools and machines.

Answer 5

early 20th century

Question 6

By mid-century, technology was defined by such phrases as ________

Answer 6

“the means or activity by which man seeks to change or manipulate his environment.”

Question 7

Another aspect of the cumulative character of technology that will require further investigation is the

Answer 7

manner of transmission of technological innovations

Question 8

This is an _______, and it is necessary to accept the phenomenon of simultaneous or parallel invention in cases in which there is insufficient evidence to show the transmission of ideas in one direction or another.

Answer 8

elusive problem

Question 9

The mechanics of their transmission have been enormously improved in recent centuries by the _______ and other means of communication and also by the increased facility with which travelers visit the sources of innovation and carry ideas back to their own homes.

Answer 9

printing press

Question 10

Traditionally, however, the major mode of transmission has been the _______

Answer 10

movement of artifacts and craftsmen.

Question 11

_____ in artifacts has ensured their widespread distribution and encouraged imitation.

Answer 11

Trade

Question 12

Even more important, the _______ —whether the itinerant metalworkers of early civilizations or the German rocket engineers whose expert knowledge was acquired by both the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II—has promoted the spread of new technologies.

Answer 12

migration of craftsmen

Question 13

The evidence for such processes of technological transmission is a reminder that the material for the study of the history of technology comes from a ________.

Answer 13

variety of sources

Question 14

Much of it relies, like any _______, on documentary matter, although this is sparse for the early civilizations because of the general lack of interest in technology on the part of scribes and chroniclers.

Answer 14

historical examination

Question 15

For these societies, therefore, and for the many millennia of earlier unrecorded history in which slow but substantial technological advances were made, it is necessary to rely heavily upon _______

Answer 15

archaeological evidence

Question 16

Even in connection with the recent past, the historical understanding of the processes of rapid industrialization can be made deeper and more vivid by the study of ________

Answer 16

“industrial archaeology.”

Question 17

(Industrial Technology)

Much valuable material of this nature has been accumulated in museums, and even more remains in the place of its use for the observation of the ______

Answer 17

field worker.

Question 18

The ______ must be prepared to use all these sources, and to call upon the skills of the archaeologist, the engineer, the architect, and other specialists as appropriate.

Answer 18

historian of technology

Question 19

The biology field is a particularly impacted domain by ______

Answer 19

ethical questions

Question 20

Some example, such as the control of the _______ show that some technologies have led to tremendous improvement of the quality of life for many families, even if they raised ethical questions at the very beginning.

Answer 20

IVF (In Vitro Fertilization),

Question 21

But sometimes, technical progress leads to disturbing applications, which makes us wonder:

Answer 21

should we accept everything?

Question 22

Examples of _____ are given in the TED talk (Root Wolpe, 2010): can we accept bioluminescent monkeys or human ears grafted on rats in the name of technological progress?

Answer 22

“designed animals”

Question 23

This technology is often compared to molecular scissors as it allows to cut a pre-selected chosen gene, and potentially replace it with another one.

Answer 23

CRISPR/Cas9

Question 24

In the field of ______, another polemic is ongoing for a year or two about a relatively new technique, called CRISPR/Cas9.

Answer 24

genetic manipulation

Question 25

_______ and its applications is also at a central point when it comes to ethical questions.

Collecting data and doing machine learning is supposed to help machines learn about the human behavior, but as it is explain in the TED talk (Tufekci, 2016), machine learning systems are a black box, and we don’t exactly understand how it works.

Answer 25

Artificial Intelligence

Question 26

_______ which seem to be the next big innovation of the next few years: the big stakes are to create a technology, which will allow to eliminate 90% of the accidents, as the latter are always due to human error.

Answer 26

Driverless cars

Question 27

The International Organization for Standardization defines a “service robot” as a

Answer 27

robot “that performs useful tasks for humans or equipment excluding industrial automation applications”.

Question 28

According to ISO 8373 robots require

Answer 28

“a degree of autonomy”

Question 29

“a degree of autonomy” which is the

Answer 29

“ability to perform intended tasks based on current state and sensing, without human intervention”.

Question 30

(a degree of autonomy)

For service robots this ranges from:

Answer 30

partial autonomy (including human robot interaction)

full autonomy (without active human robot intervention)

Question 31

________ are categorized according to personal or professional use. They have many forms and structures as well as application areas.

Answer 31

Service robots

Question 32

Robots are now widely used the so called service robots do specific tasks but focus mainly in assisting their _____ in their everyday tasks.

Answer 32

masters

Question 33

The ______ for service robots therefore include systems based on some degree of human robot interaction or even full tele operation as well as fully autonomous systems.

Answer 33

IFR statistics

Question 34

A preliminary extract of the relevant definition is
(IFR, 2012).

1

Answer 34

A robot is an actuated mechanism programmable in two or more axes with a degree of autonomy , moving within each environment, to perform intended task. Autonomy in the context means the ability to perform intended tasks based on current state and sensing without human intervention.

Question 35

A preliminary extract of the relevant definition is
(IFR, 2012).

2

Answer 35

A service robot is a robot that performs useful tasks for humans or equipment excluding industrial automation application.

Question 36

A preliminary extract of the relevant definition is
(IFR, 2012).

3

Answer 36

A personal service robot or a service robot for a personal use is a service robot is use for non commercial task, usually by laypersons. Examples are domestic servant robot, automated wheelchair, personal mobility assist robot and per exercising robot.

Question 37

A preliminary extract of the relevant definition is
(IFR, 2012).

4

Answer 37

A professional service robot or service robot for professional use is a service robot used for commercial task usually operated by a properly trained operator. Examples are the cleaning robot for public places, delivery robot in offices or hospitals fire fighting robot, rehabilitation robot, and surgery robot in hospitals, fire fighting robot, rehabilitation robot, ad surgery robot in hospitals. In this context, an operator is a person designated to start, monitor, and stop the intended operation of a robot