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Anatomy > Brain - Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Brain - Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major regions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Brain Stem, Cerebellum

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2
Q

Gray matter houses of Nerval Tissue Areas:

A

motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendrion

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3
Q

Unmyelinated axons form the what?

A

cortex

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4
Q

What does the cortex do for the brain?

A

cover the surface of the adult brain

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5
Q

What is the white matter of the brain made of?

A

myelinated axons

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6
Q

Where is the white matter located in comparison to the gray matter?

A

deep to gray matter

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7
Q

Ganglion

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies within PNS

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8
Q

Center

A

group of CNS neuron cell bodies with common function

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

center that displays discrete anatomic boundaries

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10
Q

Nerve

A

Axon bundles (PNS)

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11
Q

Nerve Plexus

A

network of nerves

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12
Q

Tract

A

CNS axon bundle where axon have similar function and share common origin and destination

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13
Q

Funiculus

A

Group of tracts in specific area of spinal cord

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14
Q

Pathway

A

connect CNS with body origins and systems

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15
Q

What are the functions of the cranial meninges? (4)

A

-separate soft tissue of brain from bones of the cranium
-enclose and protect blood vessels that supply brain
-contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
-form veins that drain blood from brain

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16
Q

What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?

A

circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space

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17
Q

What produces CSF?

A

ependymal cells of the choroid plexus

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18
Q

Function of CSF (3)

A
  • Buoyancy: bone floats in CSF
  • Protection: liquid cushion from sudden movements
  • Environmental Stability: transports nutrients and removes waste
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19
Q

What is the function of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)?

A

regulates what substances can enter the interstitial fluids of brain

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20
Q

Which cells contribute to the BBB?

A

capillary endothelial cells and astrocytes

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21
Q

Where is the BBB missing or reduced in the CNS?

A

Choroid plexus, hypothalamus, pineal gland

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22
Q

Location of conscious thought processes and origin of intellectual functions

A

Cerebrum

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23
Q

The Cerebral cortex (outer layer of the cerebrum) is composed of what matter?

A

gray matter

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24
Q

The inner layer of the cerebrum is composed of what matter?

A

white matter

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25
Q

Regions of gray matter deep to white matter are called what?

A

cerebral nuclei

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26
Q

What are the gyri?

A

elevated ridges of surface folds

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27
Q

What are sulci?

A

shallow region of surface folds

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28
Q

Deeper grooves than sulci are called what?

A

fissures

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29
Q

What is Hemisphere Lateralization?

A

hemispheres appear as autonomic mirror images

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30
Q

List the Lobes of the Cerebrum (5)

A

Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Insula

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31
Q

The Frontal Lobe houses what?

A

Precentral gyrus

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32
Q

What does the frontal lobe (—> precentral gyrus) control?

A

Voluntary motor function, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, and personality

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33
Q

What does the Parietal Lobe house?

A

Postcentral gyrus

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34
Q

What does the parietal lobe (—> postcentral gyrus) control?

A

General sensory functions

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35
Q

What does the Temporal Lobe control?

A

Hearing and smell

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36
Q

What does the Occipital Lobe control?

A

Process incoming visual information and store visual memories

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37
Q

What does the Insula control?

A

memory and interpretation of taste

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38
Q

What are the 3 Motor Areas of the Cerebrum?

A

Primary Motor Complex, Motor Speech Area (Broca’s Axis), and Frontal Eye Field

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39
Q

What does the Primary Motor Complex control?

A

voluntary skeletal muscle activity

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40
Q

What does the Motor Speech Area (Broca’s Axis) control?

A

muscle movement necessary for vocalization

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41
Q

Which Motor Area controls and regulates eye movements and binocular vision?

A

Frontal Eye Field

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42
Q

What are the 5 Sensory Areas of the Cerebrum?

A

Primary Somatosensory Cortex, Primary Visual Cortex, Primary Auditory Cortex, Primary Gustatory Cortex, Primary Olfactory Cortex

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43
Q

Where is the Primary Somatosensory Cortex located?

A

Postcentral gyrus

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44
Q

What is the function of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex?

A

receive general somatic sensory information

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45
Q

Where is the Primary Visual Cortex located?

A

The occipital lobe

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46
Q

Where is the Primary Auditory Cortex located?

A

the temporal lobe

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47
Q

What is the function of the Primary Visual Cortex?

A

receive and process incoming visual information

48
Q

What is the function of the Primary Auditory Cortex?

A

receive and process incoming auditory information

49
Q

Where is the Primary Gustatory Cortex located?

A

the Insula

50
Q

What is the function of the Primary Gustatory Cortez?

A

process taste information

51
Q

Where is the Primary Olfactory Cortex located?

A

the temporal lobe

52
Q

What is the function of the Primary Olfactory Cortex?

A

provide conscious awareness of smell

53
Q

What are the 6 Association Areas of the Cerebrum?

A

Premotor Cortex, Somatosensory Association Area, Auditory Association Area, Visual Association Area, Wernicke’s Area, Gnostic Area.

54
Q

What is the function of the Premotor Cortex?

A

processes motor impulses and coordinated learned skilled motor activities

55
Q

What is the function of the Somatosensory Association Area?

A

integrate and interpret sensory information

56
Q

What is the function of the Auditory Association Area?

A

interpret visual information

57
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s Area?

A

recognize and comprehend spoken and written language

58
Q

What is the function of the Gnostic Area?

A

interpret all sensory, visual, and auditory information

59
Q

What is the function of the Association Tract?

A

connect/link areas in the same hemisphere

60
Q

What is the Association Tract composed of?

A

Arcuate fibers and longitudinal fasciculi

61
Q

What is the function of Arcute fibers?

A

link one gyri to another in same hemisphere

62
Q

What is the function of longitudinal fasciculi?

A

link gyri between different central lobes of the same hemisphere

63
Q

The Commissural Tracts connect/link what?

A

left and right hemispheres

64
Q

The Projection Tracts connect/link what?

A

connect all of central cortex

65
Q

What are Cerebral Nuclei?

A

paired masses of gray matter deep in central white matter in basal region of cerebral hemispheres

66
Q

What does the Caudate Nucleus control?

A

patterned arm and log movements associated with walking

67
Q

What is the Amygdaloid Body control?

A

expression of emotions/mood and control behavioral activities

68
Q

What does the Putamen control?

A

subconscious muscular movement

69
Q

What is the function of the Globus Pallidus?

A

excite and inhibit activities of the thalamus to control and adjust muscle tone

70
Q

What is the function of the Claustrum?

A

process visual information

71
Q

What is the Diencephalon composed of which parts? (3)

A

Epithalamus, Thalamus, and Hypothalamus

72
Q

The penial gland and habenular nuclei are located in which Diencephalon part?

A

Epithalamus

73
Q

What does the Penial Gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

74
Q

What is the job of melatonin?

A

regulate day-night cycle (circadian rhythm)

75
Q

What is the function of the habenular nuclei?

A

relay signals from limb system to mesencephalon; visceral and emotional response to odor

76
Q

What is the Thalamus?

A

the principal and final relay point for sensory information to be processed and projected to somatosensory cortex

77
Q

What are the functions of the Hypothalamus?

A
  • control ANS
  • control endocrine system
  • body temperature regulation
  • control emotional behavior
  • control food and water intake
  • regulate circadian rhythms
78
Q

What does the brainstem connect?

A

forebrain and cerebellum to spinal cord

79
Q

What are the 3 regions of the brainstem?

A

Mesencephalon, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata

80
Q

What are the portions that make up the Mesencephalon? (3)

A

Tegmentum, Substantia nigra, and Tectum

81
Q

What are the functions of the Tegmentum?

A

integrate information from cerebrum and cerebellum

82
Q

What does the Tegmentum control?

A

involuntary motor commands to the erector and spinae muscles of the back to maintain posture

83
Q

Which reflex centers do the Tectum control?

A

Visual and Auditory

84
Q

Degradation of the Substantia nigra leads to what disease?

A

Parkinson’s Disease

85
Q

What are the 2 regulatory centers of the Pons?

A

Pneumotaxic and Apneustic center

86
Q

The Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers are responsible for what?

A

setting basic pattern of breathing

87
Q

Which cranial nerves are part of the Pons?

A

CN V - VIII

88
Q

What is the role of the Superior Olivaris Complex Nuclei?

A

receive auditory input and pathways for sound localization

89
Q

All communication between the brain and spinal cord is controlled via what?

A

medulla oblongata

90
Q

The longitudinal ridges of the medulla oblongata are called the what?

A

pyramids

91
Q

The pyramids house motor projection tracts called what?

A

corticospinal tracts

92
Q

Olive in the Medulla Oblongata has what function?

A

relay sensory joint position information of cerebellar cortex

93
Q

CN nuclei associated with Medulla

A

CN VIII - XII

94
Q

The nucleus cuneatus receive somatic sensory information from where?

A

upper limbs

95
Q

The nucleus gracilis receive somatic sensory information from where?

A

lower limbs

96
Q

The Cardiac Center, Vasomotor Center, and Respiratory Center control what?

A

blood pressure

97
Q

What are the 3 regions of the Cerebellum?

A
  • Outer gray matter layer of cortex
  • Inner white matter
  • Cerebellar nuclei
98
Q

fold of Cerebellum are called

A

folds

99
Q

The 2 hemispheres of the Cerebellum (anterior lobe and posterior lobe) are separated by what?

A

primary fissure

100
Q

What does the vermis do?

A

separate left and right cerebellar hemisphere

101
Q

What is the function of the vermis?

A

receive sensory input on torso position and balance

102
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A
  • process and experience emotions
  • effect memory formation through integration of past memories of physical sensations with emotional state
103
Q

CN I

A

olfactory

104
Q

CN II

A

optic

105
Q

CN III

A

oculomotor

106
Q

CN IV

A

trochlear

107
Q

CN V

A

trigeminal

108
Q

CN VI

A

abducens

109
Q

CN VII

A

facial

110
Q

CN VIII

A

vestibulocochlear

111
Q

CN IX

A

glossopharyngeal

112
Q

CN X

A

vagus

113
Q

CN XI

A

accessory

114
Q

CN XII

A

hypoglossal

115
Q

Which cranial nerves are purely sensory?

A

CN I and CN II

116
Q

Which cranial nerves are purely motor

A

CN XII

Anatomy (15 decks)

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