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Physiology > Physiology Exam 5 - Immune System > Flashcards

Physiology Exam 5 - Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Immunology

A

study of the structure and function of the immune system

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2
Q

What are the functions of the immune system?

A
  • protection against infection (viruses and microbes (bacteria, fungi, and parasites))
  • isolate and remove foreign substances that are not microbial
  • destroy cancer cells (immune surveillance)
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3
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells

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4
Q

What are the different types of leukocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
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5
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil

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6
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

monocyte and lymphocyte

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7
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • 60-70%
  • barely visible granules
  • 3-5-lobed nucleus
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8
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • 2-4%
  • large granules and bilobed nucleus
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9
Q

Basophils

A
  • less than 1%
  • large, abundant, violet granules
  • s-shaped nucleus
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10
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • 25-33%
  • variable bluish cytoplasm
  • ovoid/round, uniform dark violet nucleus (over 95% of cell)
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11
Q

Monocytes

A
  • 3-8%
  • usually largest white blood cell
  • ovoid, kidney, or horseshoe-shaped nucleus
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12
Q

What does/can a monocyte turn into?

A

a macrophage

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13
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

formation of WBCs where hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into colony-forming units

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14
Q

What do the colony-forming units of white blood cells produce?

A
  • myeloblasts (precursor for neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
  • monoblasts (precursor for monocytes)
  • lymphoblasts (precursor for lymphocytes)
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15
Q

How many lines of defense are there against pathogens?

A

three

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16
Q

What is the first line of defense against pathogens?

A

skin and mucous membranes

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17
Q

What is the second line of defense against pathogens?

A

innate immunity

18
Q

What is the third line of defense against pathogens?

A

adaptive immunity

19
Q

How does the skin act as a defense?

A
  • keratin is tough
  • acid mantle: film of lactic acid and fatty acids from sweat and sebum that inhibits bacterial growth
  • peptides in skin kill microbes
20
Q

How do mucous membranes act as a denfense?

A
  • includes digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
  • mucus physically traps microbes
  • lysozyme: enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls
21
Q

What does the innate immunity do as a denfense?

A

contains:
- leukocytes and phagocytic cells
- antimicrobial plasma proteins
- natural killer cells

produces:
- inflammation
- fever

22
Q

What does the adaptive immunity do as a defense?

A

contains:
- T cells and B cells
- Antigen-presenting cells (APC)

23
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

local fast response, nonspecific, lacks memory

24
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

slow response (1st time) and enacts memory

25
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

wander in connective tissue killing bacteria by:
- degranulation
- phagocytosis

26
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

found especially in mucous membranes
- guard against parasites and allergens

27
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

secrete chemicals and aid in the mobility and action of other leukocytes

28
Q

What chemicals do basophils secrete?

A
  • leukotrienes: activate and attract neutrophils and eosinophils
  • histamine: a vasodilator, which increases blood flow
  • heparin: inhibits clot formation that would impede leukocyte mobility
29
Q

What is the concentration of lymphocytes in the blood?

A
  • 80% T cells
  • 15% B cells
  • 5% natural killer cells
30
Q

What is the function of natural killer cells?

A

attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted cells, cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells

31
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

emigrate from that blood into connective tissues and transform into macrophages

32
Q

What are macrophages?

A

all of the body’s avidly phagocytic cells

33
Q

What is the function of wandering macrophages?

A

actively seek pathogens (widely distributed in loose connective tissue)

34
Q

What is the function of fixed macrophages?

A

phagocytize pathogens that come to them

35
Q

What are examples of fixed macrophages?

A
  • microglia: in CNS
  • alveolar macrophages: in lungs
  • stellate macrophages: in liver
36
Q

What are antimicrobial proteins?

A
  • proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction
  • provide short-term, innate immunity to pathogenic bacteria and viruses
37
Q

What are the two families of antimicrobial proteins?

A

interferons and complement system

38
Q

What is the function of interfeurons?

A
  • the alerted cell synthesizes various proteins that defend it from infection (breaks down viral genes or prevents replication)
  • activates NK cells and macrophages (destroy infected cell before they can liberate a swarm of newly replicated viruses and activated NK cells destroy malignant cells)
39
Q

What is the complement system?

A

a group of 30 or more globular proteins that contribute to both innate immunity and adaptive immunity

  • synthesized mainly by the liver
  • circulate the blood in inactive form
  • activated by presence of a pathogen
40
Q

What are the three pathways for complements?

A

classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway

41
Q

What are the four methods of complement pathogen destruction?

A
  • inflammation
  • immune clearance
  • phagocytosis
  • cytolysis
42
Q

What are the three main characteristics of adaptive immunity?

A
  • systemic effect: throughout the body
  • specificity: immunity is directed against a particular pathogen
  • memory: when re-exposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness

Physiology (6 decks)

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