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Med Surg 3 Exam 2 > Immune Response > Flashcards

Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

What is self immunity

A

originate in your body

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2
Q

what is non-self immunity

A

come from outside the body

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3
Q

what are the requirements of immunocompetence

A

inflammation (general), antibody-mediated immunity, cell-mediated immunity

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4
Q

what is human leukocyte antigen

A

unique surface proteins present on all a persons cells - aka a persons tissue type

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5
Q

what do WBCs - leukocytes do

A

stimulate the inflammatory response

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6
Q

what does a WBC and differential show you

A

percentage of the 5 types of WBCs

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7
Q

what are the 5 types of WBCs

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

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8
Q

what are stem cells

A

immature undifferentiated cells produced in the bone marrow that are pluripotent with potential to mature into any blood cell type

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9
Q

what are the lab levels for leukopenia

A

less then 4000

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10
Q

what could be some causes for leukopenia

A

drug toxicity, autoimmune disease, bone marrow failure, overwhelming infection

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11
Q

what are the lab levels for leukocytosis

A

WBC over 10,000

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12
Q

what could be some causes for leukocytosis

A

inflammation, infection, malignancy, trauma, dehydration, stress, steroid use

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13
Q

what are the lab levels for neutropenia

A

neutrophils less then 2000

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14
Q

what could be some causes for neutropenia

A

viral infections, overwhelming bacterial infection, radiation/chemotherapy

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15
Q

what is neutropenic precautions

A

no fresh fruits or flowers, limit visitors, good hygiene

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16
Q

what are the normal levels of neutrophils (%)

A

55-70

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17
Q

who is the 1st WBC to respond to infection

A

neutrophils

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18
Q

what does left shift mean for neutrophils

A

overwhelming infection/demand from bone marrow

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19
Q

what do lymphocyte T cells do

A

initiate cell mediated immunity

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20
Q

what do lymphocyte B cells do

A

initiate antibody mediated immunity

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21
Q

what is innate immunity

A

first line of defense, not antigen specific - inflammation

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22
Q

what is adaptive/acquired immunity

A

development of immunity, antibody-mediated, b lymphocytes

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23
Q

what is active immunity

A

disease (natural), immunization (artifical)

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24
Q

what is passive immunity

A

natural or artificial (receiving COVID antibodies )

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25
Q

what is the purpose of inflammation

A

non-specific helps provide immediate protection against the effects of tissue injury and invading foreign proteins

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26
Q

what are the 5 cardinal symptoms of inflammation

A

pain, redness, heat, swelling, loss of function

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27
Q

how does antibody mediated immunity work

A

foreign antigen enters the body, b lymphocytes recognize antigen and divides into plasma cell and memory cells, antibodies are released and bind to antigen forming immune complex, other leukocytes come to destroy it- with re-exposure to the same antigen sensitized b cells (memory cells) produce large quantities of antibodies to kill it

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28
Q

what is immunodeficiency

A

immune system does not provide adequate protection of the body

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29
Q

what is primary immunodeficiency

A

impairment of phagocytosis, b cell response, t cell response, or a combo

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30
Q

what is secondary immunodeficiency

A

Immunosuppression, viruses, malnutrition, chemo/radiation, stress

31
Q

what is hypersensitivity

A

extreme or unnecessary immune response the body has to an antigen

32
Q

what is type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Rapid- IgE on mast cells recognize antigens like pollen, food mold and cause inflammation

33
Q

what are some examples of type 1 hypersensitivity

A

hay fever (allergic rhinitis), allergic asthma, anaphylaxis, angioedema, latex allergy

34
Q

how is anaphylaxis emergency managed

A

assess airway/respiratory status, remove antigen, give o2, establish IV,

35
Q

what meds are used for anaphylaxis emergency

A

epinephrine 0.01 every 5-15mins (check pulses between doses), nebulizer albuterol to open airway, diphenhydramine, corticosteroids

36
Q

what are some ss of type 1 hypersensitivity

A

rash, flushing, hives (urticaria), itching (puritius), edema, angioedema, wheezing, rhinitis, stomach cramps, n/v, SOB, bronchospasms, cardiac symptoms, loss of consciousness

37
Q

what is type 2 hypersensitivity

A

IgG antibodies recognize cellular antigen and results in cell damage through phagocytosis - includes recognition of self antigens and ABO or Rh antigens on ones own RBCs

38
Q

what are some examples of type 2 hypersensitivity

A

hemolytic transfusion reactions, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, myasthenia gravis, hemolytic disease of the newborn

39
Q

what is type 3 hypersensitivity

A

immune complex reaction, tissue damage occurs secondary to antigen antibody complexes, IgG antibodies, complex is too small so deposit into issue or blood vessel leading to inflammation and destruction of involved tissue

40
Q

what are some examples of type 3 hypersensitivity

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis

41
Q

what is type 4 hypersensitivity

A

delayed hypersensitivity reaction, cell mediated immune response, sensitized t lymphocytes attack antigens or release cytokines - cytokines attract macrophages, leading to tissue damage takes 24-48 hours for response to occur

42
Q

what are some examples of type 4 hypersensitivity

A

poison ivy, transplant rejection, positive TB skin test, contact dermatitis latex allergy

43
Q

what is the treatment for chronic allergies

A

ID and control triggers, radioallergosorbent (RAST) test, skin testing, symptom relief, hyposensitization

44
Q

what is immunotherapy

A

allergen stimulates immune system, desensitization over time, not all allergies can be safely treated with immunotherapy

45
Q

what are some antihistamines for allergies

A

Diphenhydramine, Claritin (Loratadine)

46
Q

what are some decongestants for allergies

A

Afrin (Oxymetazoline), Sudafed

47
Q

what are some sympathomimetics for allergies

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

48
Q

what are some antipruritics for allergies

A

Diphenhydramine, Topical hydrocortisone

49
Q

what are some leukotriene receptor antagonist for allergies

A

Singulair (Montelucast)

50
Q

what is autoimmunity

A

immune system is unable to recognize self from non self and forms an immune response to the bodys own healthy normal cells and tissues resulting in tissue damage

51
Q

what is development related to for autoimmunity

A

genetic susceptibility, enviornmental interactions

52
Q

how does rheumatic arthritis work

A

immune system attacks synovium aka joint deformity/erosion

53
Q

what are the risk factors for rheumatic arthritis

A

middle aged women, family history, smoking, obesity

54
Q

what are the ss of rheumatic arthritis

A

most commonly in the fingers/wrist, joint pain, fatigue, joint swelling and softness, symmetrical

55
Q

how is rheumatic arthritis diagnosed

A

positive anti-CCP antibodies, increased rheumatic factor antibodies, elevated ESR or positive C-reactive protein, positive ANA titer

56
Q

what is the nursing care for RA

A

apply hot/cold, activity with rest periods, stay healthy to avoid exacerbations, signs/symptoms to report

57
Q

what meds can be given for RA

A

NSAIDs, corticosteroids, DMARDs

58
Q

what surgery can be done for RA

A

plasmapheresis

59
Q

how does systemic lupus erythematosus work

A

autoantibodies attack tissues causing type 3 hypersensitivity reaction, immune complexes deposit in tissues

60
Q

what are the ss of systemic lupus erythematosus

A

joint pain, swelling, tenderness, butterfly rash, fatigue, fever, weight loss, alopecia, rubor, pallor, cyanosis

61
Q

what are some systemic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus

A

kidney damage (lupus nephritis), pericarditis (cardiac friction rub), vasculitis

62
Q

what kind of lab changes are noticed for systemic lupus erythematosus

A

postive antinuclear antibody titers, decreased serum complement (c3,c4), elevated ESR, elevated BUN/Creatine, urinalysis positive for protein and RBCs

63
Q

what is osteoarthritis

A

cartilage wears down over time and affects the hands, knees, hips, and spine causing pain, stiffness, and swelling

64
Q

how is osteoarthritis managed

A

stay active, maintain healthy weight, NSAIDs, Acetaminophen, cortisone injection, surgery

65
Q

what is carpal tunnel

A

median nerve in wrist becm=omes depressed causing pain and numbess, seen in someone that uses repetitive stress injury

66
Q

how is carpal tunnel treated

A

medications, immobilization, surgery

67
Q

what is gout

A

systemic disease caused by a disruption in purine metabolism causing uric acid crystals depositied in joints and body tissues

68
Q

what are the risk factors for gout

A

obesity, cardiovascular disease, trauma, alcohol/diuretic use, CKF

69
Q

what are the ss of gout

A

severe joint pain, redness, swelling, warmth of joint, elevated ESR, consistent serum uric acid elevation

70
Q

what are some meds used for acute gout

A

antigout agent (colchicine), NSAIDs, corticosteriods

71
Q

what are some meds used for chronic gout

A

allopurinol, probenecid

72
Q

what is fibromyalgia

A

chronic pain syndrome which manifests as pain, stiffness and tenderness at certain trigger points

73
Q

what are some ss of fibromyalgia

A

fatigue, sleep disturbances, numbness/tingling of extremities, headaches, jaw pain, depression, visual changes, GI upset

74
Q

what are some meds used for fibromyalgia

A

NSAIDs, Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) - duloxetine, anticonvulsants -pregabalin (for the numbness and tingling), tricyclic antidepressants

Med Surg 3 Exam 2 (3 decks)

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