Human geo part one unit 7

Question 1

Acid rain

Answer 1

created when oxides of sulfur and nitrogen change chemically as they dissolve in water vapor in the atmosphere and return to earth as rain, snow, or fog.

Question 2

Agglomeration

Answer 2

the spatial grouping of people or activities for mutual benefit.

Question 3

Bid Rent Theory

Answer 3

different land users are prepared to pay different amounts, the bid rents, for locations at various distances from the city center.

Question 4

Break-of-bulk point

Answer 4

a location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another; a location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another.

Question 5

Bulk-gaining industry

Answer 5

an industry where the finished product weighs more than the raw materials.

Question 6

Bulk-reducing industry

Answer 6

an industry where the raw materials weigh more than the finished product.

Question 7

Capitalism

Answer 7

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Question 8

Commodity chain

Answer 8

series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market.

Question 9

Communism

Answer 9

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Question 10

Comparative advantage

Answer 10

the principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other areas, assuming free trade exists.

Question 11

Deglomeration

Answer 11

the process of deconcentration; the location of industrial or other activities away from established agglomerations in response to growing costs of congestion, competition, and regulation.

Question 12

Deindustrialization

Answer 12

the cumulative and sustained decline in the contribution of manufacturing to a national economy.

Question 13

Entrepot

Answer 13

is a trading center, or simply a warehouse, where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties, often at a profit.

Question 14

Export processing zones (EPZ’s)

Answer 14

designated areas of countries where governments create conditions conducive to export-oriented production.

Question 15

Fixed costs

Answer 15

an activity cost (as of investment in land, plant, and equipment) that must be met without regard to level of output.

Question 16

Footloose industry

Answer 16

a descriptive term applied to manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting material or product is not important in determining location of production; an industry or firm showing neither market nor material orientation.

Question 17

Fordism

Answer 17

the manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods.

Question 18

Greenhouse effect

Answer 18

anticipated increase in Earth’s temperature, caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface.

Question 19

Growth Pole

Answer 19

where economic development, or growth, is not uniform over an entire region, but instead takes place around a specific pole.

Question 20

High-technology corridors

Answer 20

areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research, development, and sale of high-technology products.

Question 21

Industrial Revolution

Answer 21

a series of inventions and innovations, arising in England in the 1700s, that led to the use of machines and inanimate power in manufacturing process.

Question 22

International division of labor

Answer 22

the specialization, by countries, in particular products for exports.

Question 23

“Just in time” manufacturing (JIT)

Answer 23

seeks to reduce inventories for the production process of purchasing inputs for arrival just in time to use and producing output just in time to sell.

Question 24

Labor-intensive industry

Answer 24

an industry for which labor costs represent a large proportion of total production costs.

Question 25

Locational interdependence

Answer 25

theory developed by economist Harold Hotelling that suggests competitors, in trying to maximize sales, will seek to constrain each other’s territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another in the middle of their collective customer base.

Question 26

Maquiladora

Answer 26

factories built by U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

Question 27

Market orientation

Answer 27

the tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market

Question 28

Material orientation

Answer 28

the tendency of an economic activity to locate near or at its source of raw material.

Question 29

Multiplier effect

Answer 29

the direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity. In industrial agglomerations, the cumulative processes by which a given change (such as a new plant opening) sets in motion a sequence of further industrial employment and infrastructure growth.

Question 30

New International Division of Labor

Answer 30

transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low paid, less skilled workers, from more developed countries to less developed countries.

Question 31

Newly Industrialized Country (NIC)

Answer 31

a country that exhibits rapid economic growth but has not yet reached the full level of developed countries by a variety of different measures.

Question 32

Outsourcing

Answer 32

subcontracting production or services rather than performing those activities “in house.”

Question 33

Post-Fordism

Answer 33

adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to team that perform a variety of tasks

Question 34

Right to work laws

Answer 34

laws preventing a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment.

Question 35

Site factors

Answer 35

location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital

Question 36

Situation factors

Answer 36

location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.

Question 37

Socialism

Answer 37

a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Question 38

Special Economic Zones (SEZ’s)

Answer 38

specific areas within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment.

Question 39

Substitution principle

Answer 39

in industry, the tendency to substitute one factor of production for another in order to achieve optimum plant location.

Question 40

Transnational corporation

Answer 40

companies that have international production, marketing, and management facilities.

Question 41

Ubiquitous

Answer 41

something’s ability to be found anywhere at any time

Question 42

Variable costs

Answer 42

costs that change directly with the amount of production such as energy supply, transport expenses, labor costs, and other costs relating to the industrialization of an area.

Question 43

Weber’s Least Cost Theory

Answer 43

when the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses; labor, transportation, and agglomeration.