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zoology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The sensory division of the PNS is further subdivided into the ______ sensory division, which carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints, and the ______ sensory division, which carries signals from organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

A

somatic, visceral

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2
Q

Afferent neurons are what type of neurons?

A

sensory

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3
Q

The soma of a neuron gives rise to branch-like processes called what? They are the primary sites for receiving signals from other neurons.

A

dendrites

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4
Q

The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into the ______ division which tends to arouse the body for action and the ______ division which tends to have a calming effect.

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic

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5
Q

Which correctly describes axonal transport?

A

It involves the transport of proteins within the axon (i.e. synaptic knob enzymes or proteins that maintain the axolemma).

It is bidirectional (retrograde and anterograde transport).

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6
Q

______ cells protect the neurons and help them function.

A

glial

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7
Q

Which terms refers to the part of the PNS that carries signals from various receptors to the CNS?

A

sensory division

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8
Q

Which types of glial cells are found in the central nervous system?

A

Ependymal cells

Oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes

Microglia

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9
Q

Which glial cell insulates nerve fibers from extracellular fluids and speeds up signal conduction in the brain?

A

Oligodendrocyte

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10
Q

Unmyelinated nerve fibers (axons) in the PNS are enveloped in Schwann cells.

A

True

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11
Q

Which of the following contributes to the development of the resting membrane potential in neurons?

A

K+ is more concentrated in the ICF than in the ECF.

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12
Q

Which type of glial cell aids in the regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers by forming a regeneration tube to help reestablish the former connection?

A

Schwann cells

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13
Q

Characteristics of local potentials.

A

Decremental

Graded

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14
Q

All that are properties of action potentials.

A

Self-propagating

Nondecremental (signal maintains amplitude)

All or none

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15
Q

In order for local potentials to trigger an action potential, the membrane must depolarize up to a level called which of the following?

A

Threshold

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16
Q

Which ion has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential of most neurons?

A

Potassium (K)

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17
Q

The refractory period in which it is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus is the ______ refractory period.

A

Relative

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18
Q

Action potentials occur only where there are voltage-gated ion channels.

A

True

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19
Q

Which best describes signal conduction in unmyelinated axons?

A

A wave of depolarization opens more voltage-gated channels immediately distal to the action potential.

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20
Q

The all-or-none law of action potentials states which of the following?

A

A neuron will fire at maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes it to threshold.

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21
Q

Which term refers to the period of time after a nerve cell has responded to a stimulus in which it cannot be excited by a threshold stimulus?

A

Refractory period

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22
Q

Which best describes an electrical potential?

A

A form of potential energy that can produce current

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23
Q

Which term is used to describe signal conduction along a myelinated axon?

A

Saltatory

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24
Q

Choose all of the following statements that are true about signal conduction along unmyelinated fibers.

A

A zone of depolarization excites voltage-gated channels immediately distal to the action potential.

Unmyelinated fibers have voltage-gated channels along their entire length.

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25
Q

At a synapse, the neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter is the ______ neuron.

A

postsynaptic

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26
Q

Electrical synapses are able to integrate information and make decisions more rapidly than chemical signals.

A

False

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27
Q

Which statements are true about signal conduction along myelinated fibers?

A

Ions can be exchanged with the ECF only at the nodes of Ranvier.

Action potentials occur only at the nodes of Ranvier.

There are few voltage-gated ion channels at the myelin-covered internodes and multiple channels at the nodes of Ranvier.

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28
Q

At a synapse, the neuron that releases neurotransmitters is the ______ neuron.

A

presynaptic

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29
Q

Which term refers to the microscopic physical gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at a chemical synapse?

A

synaptic cleft

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30
Q

Which scientist conclusively demonstrated that neurons communicate by releasing chemical messages?

A

Otto Loewi

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31
Q

Categories of neurotransmitters based on chemical composition.

A

Monoamines

Amino acids

Neuropeptides

Acetylcholine

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32
Q

In electrical synapses, electrical signals move quickly from cell to cell through which of the following?

A

Gap junctions

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33
Q

Which term refers to a synapse that releases acetylcholine from the presynaptic axon terminal?

A

Cholinergic

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34
Q

All neurotransmitters have an excitatory effect.

A

False

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35
Q

In a chemical synapse, synaptic vesicles full of neurotransmitters are docked at release sites on the membrane of the presynaptic neuron, while neurotransmitter receptors are found on the membrane of the

A

Postsynaptic neuron

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36
Q

Choose all that would cause postsynaptic stimulation to end.

A

Reuptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic knob

Enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft

Cessation of signals in the presynaptic nerve fiber

Diffusion of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft into extracellular fluid

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37
Q

Which alter synaptic transmission by adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters or by affecting the breakdown and/or removal of a neurotransmitter?

A

Neuromodulators

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38
Q

Choose all the statements that characterize neurotransmitters?

A

They bind to receptors and alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell.

They are synthesized by presynaptic neurons.

They are released in response to stimulation.

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39
Q

The more synapses a neuron has, the lesser its information-processing capability.

A

False

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40
Q

Some neurotransmitters can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on which of the following?

A

The type of receptors on the postsynaptic cell

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41
Q

Stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron will end when nerve signals stop arriving at the presynaptic axon terminal or when which of the following occurs?

A

Neurotransmitter is removed from postsynaptic receptors.

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42
Q

Which term describes the ability of neurons to process information, store and recall it, and make decisions?

A

Neural integration

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43
Q

Neural integration is based on the combining together of which of the following?

A

Postsynaptic potentials

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44
Q

The nervous system must interpret quantitative and qualitative information about its environment, thus it converts information to a meaningful pattern of action potentials. This process is called neural

A

Coding

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45
Q

Choose all that are characteristics of neural pools.

A

They consist of complex patterns of interneurons.

They may be concerned with a particular body function

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46
Q

The ability of synapses to change is called synaptic plasticity. Which term refers to the neuronal pathways formed during learning?

A

Memory traces

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47
Q

Choose all statements that are true regarding postsynaptic potentials?

A

They include EPSPs and IPSPs.

They are changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal of a chemical synapse.

They are caused by neurotransmitters.

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48
Q

There are two ways in which EPSPs can add up to produce enough activity to make a postsynaptic cell fire. They are temporal and spatial

A

Summation

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49
Q

What is the role of neural pools in the CNS?

A

To process information

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50
Q

Synapses are not fixed for life. In response to experience, they can be modified to make transmission easier or harder. The ability of synapses to change is called synaptic

A

Plastisity

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51
Q

Which type of memory is important as you read (e.g. remembering the previous words in a sentence)?

A

Immediate

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52
Q

Looking up a new phone number and then dialing it from memory utilizes which type of memory?

A

Working

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53
Q

Choose all that are types of long-term memory?

A

Declarative and Procedural

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54
Q

Which may be the basis for learning and long-term memory at the neuronal level?

A

long-term potentiation

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55
Q

What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

A

A persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity that can vary in length of time. It also increases the likelihood to fire an action potential.

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56
Q

If a mouse is placed in a pool of murky water, it will swim about until it finds a hidden platform to climb out on. With repetition, the mouse soon learns to locate the platform more quickly. This is an example of ________ .

A

long-term potentiation (LTP)

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57
Q

Immediate memory, which is the ability to hold something in mind for a few seconds, might be based on activity in which type of neural circuit?

A

Reverberating

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58
Q

Choose all that are symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

A

Memory loss

Reduced attention span

Loss of the ability to talk or eat

Deterioration of personality

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59
Q

Which type of memory allows you to remember things from up to a few hours ago?

A

Short term

60
Q

Parkinson disease is due to the progressive degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons in which brain area?

A

Substantia nigra

61
Q

Long-term potentiation may be involved in long-term memory. Choose all of the following that are molecular changes that occur in long-term potentiation.

A

Entrance of calcium into the dendrite

The release of nitric oxide which triggers more glutamate release

Binding of glutamate to NMDA receptors

62
Q

What happens during a weak synapse?

A

A graded potential occurs.
- The synapse is far apart
- Reduced amount of receptors to receive NT
- Sending neurons may have a lower amount of NT to release

63
Q

What happens during a strong synapse?

A

An action potential occurs.
- The synapse is smaller
- They have more NT to release
- They have more receptors

64
Q

What is an NMDA receptor?

A

It is an excitatory ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls calcium channels and is blocked by MG2+ ions. This receptor is also ligand (glutamate) and voltage (-50) dependent.

65
Q

Which disease is associated with the anatomical findings of shrunken folds of cerebral tissue, neurofibrillary tangles, and senile plaques containing beta-amyloid protein?

A

Alzheimer disease

66
Q

________ prime certain areas of the brain for neurotransmitters. modulating (modifying or controlling influence) effects

A

Neuromodulator

67
Q

Two effects that neurotransmitters have on postsynaptic membranes are _______ (EPSP) or ______ (IPSP).

A

Depolarization: Hyperpolarization

68
Q

Choose all that are common symptoms of Parkinson disease.

A

Slurred speech

Progressive loss of motor function

Change in gait; smaller and slower steps

69
Q

Alzheimer disease affects about what percentage of the US population over the age of 65?

A

11%

70
Q

An action potential arriving at the presynaptic terminal causes what to occur?

A

Voltage-gated calcium ion channels open, and calcium ions diffuse into the cell.

71
Q

What happens as a result of ion flow at a presynaptic terminal?

A

Synaptic vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane and release acetylcholine.

72
Q

Acetylcholine has which effect on the postsynaptic neuron?

A

Ligand-gated sodium ion channels open, and sodium diffuses in.

73
Q

Why does depolarization occur?

A

More sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it.

74
Q

A typical neuron will have a membrane voltage of about ___ at the time when sodium gates close and potassium ions begin rapidly leaving the cell.

A
75
Q

Damaged neurons in the PNS can regenerate if their _____ is intact and they can form a _____.

A

Soma ; Regeneration tube

76
Q

The correct sequence of voltage-regulated gates opening and closing in an action potential?

A

Na+ gates opening; K+ gates opening; Na+ gates closing

77
Q

Blood capillaries of the brain are enveloped by

A

Astrocytes

78
Q

In ___, the additive effects of EPSPs and IPSPs determine whether a neuron fires.

A

Synaptic potentiation

79
Q

Mature neurons lack centrioles. You would expect these neurons to be unable to

A

Undergo Mitosis

80
Q

A reverberating circuit produces repeated output in response to a single input.

A

True

81
Q

A neuron fires only when its membrane reaches

A

threshold potential

82
Q

The bodies of the Schwann cells constitute the

A

neurilemma

83
Q

The norepinephrine receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel.

A

False

84
Q

The most common structural neuron is the _____ neuron, which includes

A

multipolar; motor neurons and interneurons.

85
Q

Which one of the following best describes the order of a somatic reflex?

A

somatic receptor → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → skeletal muscle

86
Q

Your spinal cord was unable to form any denticulate ligaments. Your spinal cord would most likely lose

A

side-to-side stability.

87
Q

The neurilemma is covered by the loose connective tissue called the

A

endoneurium.

88
Q

Why does hyperpolarization occur?

A

The increased potassium ion permeability lasts slightly longer than the time required to bring the membrane potential back to its resting level.

89
Q

the incorrect statement regarding how the nervous system coordinates homeostasis in the body.

A

The spinal cord and brain process information without regard to past experiences, and determine what response, if any, is appropriate to the circumstances.

90
Q

What is(are) the fundamental physiological properties that enable nerve cells to communicate with other cells?

A

The ability to respond to environmental changes, the ability to produce electrical signals that are quickly conducted to other cells at distant locations, and the ability to secrete a chemical that will stimulate the next cell when an electrical signal reaches the end of a nerve fiber

91
Q

Which of the following is true of interneurons?

A

They are contained entirely within the CNS and carry signals from one neuron to another.

92
Q

Choose the correct statement about myelin.

A

It is best not to give children under two years of age a low-fat diet because myelin formation requires lipids.

93
Q

The resting membrane potential is negative due to which of the following?

A

There are more negatively charged particles on the inside of the membrane than on the outside.

94
Q

Some __________ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas __________ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system.

A

afferent; efferent

95
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with which of the following?

A

Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane

96
Q

Functions of the spinal cord include which of the following?

A

Conduction, locomotion, reflexes

97
Q

In an adult, the spinal cord ends at which vertebra?

A

L1

98
Q

The superior most region of the spinal cord is which of the following?

A

Cervical region

99
Q

The bundle of nerves inferior to the medullary cone of the spinal cord is called the

A

cauda equina

100
Q

the meninges in order from superficial (at the top) to deep (at the bottom).

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

101
Q

What is the dural sheath around the spinal cord made of?

A

Dura mater

102
Q

Where does the spinal cord arise from the medulla oblongata?

A

At the foramen magnum

103
Q

What are the regions of the spinal cord?

A

Thoracic, lumbar, cervical, sacral

104
Q

Where is the epidural space around the spinal cord?

A

Between the vertebral bones and the dural sheath

105
Q

Which are a series of fibrous connective tissue membranes covering the central nervous system?

A

Meninges

106
Q

The cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the __________space between the meninges.

A

subarachnoid

107
Q

The matter of the spinal cord that contains the synapses and therefore is the site of synaptic integration is called

A

Gray matter

108
Q

What is the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

Bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons found superficial to the gray matter

109
Q

is located between the vertebrae and the dural sheath around the spinal cord.

A

Epidural space

110
Q

The horns of the spinal cord that contain the cell bodies of outgoing somatic motor neurons are

A

anterior horns

111
Q

Where is the white matter in the spinal cord?

A

Superficial to the gray matter

112
Q

Within the spinal cord, which tracts carry information up to the brain?

A

Ascending

113
Q

In which disease does sclerosis of the lateral spinal cord occur, with destruction of motor neurons?

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

114
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A cord of nerve fiber bundles bound together by connective tissue

115
Q

What are two examples of nerves that carry only sensory information?

A

Optic and olfactory nerves

116
Q

What type of nerve is a nerve containing only fibers carrying outgoing nerve signals from the CNS?

A

Motor

117
Q

Within the spinal cord, what type of information do the descending tracts carry?

A

Motor

118
Q

The poliovirus destroys which neurons in the brainstem and anterior horn of the spinal cord?

A

Motor

119
Q

Which describes a mixed nerve?

A

A nerve containing both sensory and motor nerve fibers

120
Q

How many spinal nerves are in each region of the spinal cord in order from superior to inferior?

A

8,12,5,5,1 = 31

121
Q

Moving peripherally from the spinal cord, the anterior and posterior _____ forms the spinal nerve

A

Roots

122
Q

What type of fiber is a nerve fiber carrying nerve signals away from the central nervous system?

A

efferent

123
Q

The anterior rami of spinal nerves form which nerve plexuses?

A

Cervical, lumbar, sacral

124
Q

Choose all that are nerve plexuses of the body.

A

Lumbar

Cervical

Sacral

Brachial

125
Q

The brainstem in order from the most rostral at the top to the most caudal.

A

Diencephalon
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

126
Q

What are the three major divisions of the brain?

A

Brainstem

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

127
Q

Which divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal fissure

128
Q

The gray matter of the cerebrum forms which of the following?

A

Cortex

129
Q

Which term refers to the thick folds of tissue found on each of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Gyri

130
Q

Which best describes the cerebral cortex?

A

Surface layer of gray matter on the cerebrum

131
Q

Which embryonic structure develops first?

A

Neural plate

132
Q

How many ventricles are located in the brain?

A

The brain has four fluid filled ventricles: two lateral ventricles, and the third and fourth ventricle.

133
Q

Bundles of axons make up which of the following?

A

White matter

134
Q

Within the first three weeks of embryonic development, the neural plate sinks and its edges thicken to form which of the following?

A

Neural groove

135
Q

The cerebral aqueduct passes CSF down the core of the midbrain and into which of the following?

A

Fourth ventricle

136
Q

How much CSF does the brain produce per day?

A

500 mL

137
Q

Which is least likely to get through the blood-brain barrier?

A

Urea

138
Q

Which term refers to the pore that transports CSF from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?

A

Interventricular foramen

139
Q

The embryonic hindbrain consists of which two secondary vesicles?

A

Myelencephalon

Metencephalon

140
Q

The boundary between the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata corresponds to which of the following structures?

A

Foramen magnum

141
Q

The blood-brain barrier consists of tight junctions between which of the following?

A

Capillary endothelial cells

142
Q

Which cranial nerves begin or end in the pons?

A

Cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII

143
Q

The medulla oblongata develops from which of the following?

A

Myelencephalon

144
Q

The posterior part of the midbrain, which includes the corpora quadrigemina, is called the

A

tectum

145
Q

The tectum is which part of the midbrain?

A

Posterior

146
Q

Which structure is sometimes called the “gateway to the cerebral cortex?”

A

Thalamus

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