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psyc 212 - perception > chapter 11: hearing > Flashcards

chapter 11: hearing Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between the physical and the perceptual definition of sound

A

physical: pressure change
perceptual: experience

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2
Q

when does a sound stimulus occur

A

mov or vibrations of an object causes pressure change in air/water or other elastic medium

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3
Q

explain the compression and the rarefaction process

A

compression: push surrounding air molecules together, density ↑
rarefaction: air molecules spread out to fill increased space, density ↓

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4
Q

what is a sound wave

A

pattern of alternating high and low pressure regions
- speed of 340meters/sec

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5
Q

true or false? when sound causes air to move, the air molecules travel further and further away from the sound stimulus

A

false, they move back and forth but stay in the same place

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6
Q

what is a pure tone

A

changes in air pressure that occur in a pattern called sine wave

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7
Q

differentiate frequency and amplitude

A

frequency: number of cycles per second
amplitude: size of pressure change

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8
Q

sound frequency are measured in … and higher frequencies are associated with higher …

A

Hertz (Hz)
pitch

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9
Q

sound amplitude are measured in … and the amplitude of a sound is associated with the …

A

decibel (dB)
loudness

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10
Q

what is a periodic waveform

A

waveform that repeats

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11
Q

what is called the repetition rate of a waveform

A

fundamental frequency

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12
Q

the first harmonic is the frequency equal to the fundamental frequency. how are higher harmonics calculated?

A

multiples of the fundamental frequency
- 2nd harmonic is frequency x 2

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13
Q

describe the frequency spectra

A

line position indicates frequency (horizontal axis)
line height indicates harmonic’s amplitude

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14
Q

In a complex tone, removing a harmonic doesn’t change the rate of repetition, only the waveform. Why is that

A

when the fundamental is removed, the spacing remains so there is still info in the waveform indicating the frequency of the fundamental

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15
Q

what is the equation used to transform sound pressure level into decibels

A

dB = 20 x log10 (p/po)
where p = pressure of sound
po = reference pressure

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16
Q

what procedure was used to determine the relationship between level in decibels and loudness

A

magnitude estimation

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17
Q

in the audibility graph, indicate what the audibility curve, the auditory response area, the threshold of feeling, and the equal loudness curve represent

A

audibility curve: threshold for hearing
aud resp area: tones we can hear
threshold of feeling: when tones become painful and can cause damage
equal loud curve: diff frequencies, same loudness

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18
Q

the lowest and the highest note on the piano is represented by how many hertz

A

low: 27.5Hz
high: 4186Hz

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19
Q

define tone height

A

perceptual experience of increasing pitch that accompanies increases in a tone’s fundamental frequency

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20
Q

define tone chroma

A

different octaves of the same note
- fundamental frequencies that are multiple of two

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21
Q

what is the effect of the missing fundamental

A

when pitch remains the same, even when the fundamental or other harmonics are removed

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22
Q

what is a sound’s timber

A

quality that distinguished between two tones that have the same loudness, pitch and duration, but still sound different

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23
Q

what are the two things a sound’s timber depends on

A
  1. steady-state harmonic structure
  2. attack and decay of the tone’s harmonic
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24
Q

define what are a tone’s attack and a tone’s decay

A

attack: buildup of sound at the beg of the tone
decay: decrease in sound at the end of tone

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25
Q

what are aperiodic sounds

A

waveforms that do not repeat

26
Q

name the three tasks the auditory system accomplishes as sound enters the ear and culminates inside the ear

A
  1. delivers sound stimulus to receptors
  2. transduces stimulus from pressure change to electrical signal
  3. process electrical signal
27
Q

what are the structures in the outer ear

A
  1. pinnae
  2. auditory canal
  3. tympanic membrane (eardrum)
28
Q

what are the two functions of the auditory canal

A
  • protects middle ear structures
  • enhance intensities of sound: resonance
29
Q

explain the physical principle of resonance

A

sound waves that are reflected back from the closed end of the auditory canal interact with sound waves that are entering the canal

30
Q

what do we call the frequency that is reinforced the most

A

resonant frequency

31
Q

name the structures in the middle ear

A

ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
oval window

32
Q

why is it necessary to enhance sound intensities from the middle ear to the inner ear

A

pressure changes in the air are transmitter poorly to the liquid in the inner ear

33
Q

how do ossicles help transmit the vibrations from the middle ear to the inner ear

A
  1. concentrates vibration of the large tympanic membrane onto the much smaller stapes
  2. creates lever action
34
Q

name the structures in the inner ear

A

cochlea
- scala vestibuli
- scala tympani
- cochlear partition

35
Q

describe the organ of Corti in the cochlear partition

A
  • rests on basilar membrane
  • 1 row of inner hair cells and 3 rows of outer hair cells
  • stereocilia of tallest row of outer hair cells embedded in tectorial membrane
36
Q

how does vibration cause bending of the stereocilia

A
  • back and forth mov of oval window transmits vibration to liquid in cochlea
  • basilar membrane moves
  • organ of Corti vibrates up and down
  • tectorial membrane move back and forth
  • stereocilia of outer hair cells embedded bend
  • other hair cells bend to pressure waves
37
Q

where does electrical signals occur

A

in inner hair cells

38
Q

how does bending of the stereocilia cause electrical signals (transduction)

A

when stereocilia bend
- tip links stretch
- open tiny open ion channels in membrane of stereocilia
- K+ ions flow in cell, electrical signal created
when stereocilia bends in other direction, inverse happens
release of NT in synapse = auditory nerve fibers fire

39
Q

when the pressure increase, towards which direction does the stereocilia bend

A

to the right

40
Q

define phase locking

A

property of firing at the same place in the sound stimulus

41
Q

for high-frequency tones, why don’t nerve fiber fire every time

A

needs to rest after it fires

42
Q

as the frequency increases, the place on the membrane that vibrates the most moves from the … to the …

A

apex; base of the oval window

43
Q

what is called the map of frequencies

A

tonotopic map

44
Q

how do outer hair cells function as cochlear amplifiers

A
  • ion flow causes mechanical changes in cell that causes it to expand and contract
  • pulls stereocilia in one direction and the other
  • pulls on basilar membrane and increases its motion
  • sharpens its response to specific frequencies
45
Q

what is the place theory that explains the physiology of pitch

A

brain identifies which neurons on the basilar membrane responds the most to determine pitch

46
Q

what is the pathway from auditory nerve fiber to auditory cortex

A

cochlear nucleus
superior olivary nucleus
inferior colliculus
medial geniculate nucleus
primary auditory cortex

47
Q

in which region do signals from the left and right ear first meet

A

superior olivary nucleus

48
Q

what is the frequency-matched noise

A

noise stimulus covers the same range as pitch stimulus

49
Q

which area in the cortex is most responsive to pitch

A

anterior auditory cortex
- mainly to resolved harmonics, not unresolved

50
Q

what is the difference between resolved and unresolved harmonics

A

resolved: lower harmonics can be distinguished by a peak
unresolved: higher harmonics doesn’t indicate individual harmonic

51
Q

between resolved and unresolved harmonics, which result in a stronger perception of pitch

A

resolved

52
Q

what are amplitude-modulated noise

A

sound stimulus that weren’t associated with vibration of a particular place on basilar membrane, but still created perception of pitch

53
Q

define amplitude modulation

A

level of noise was changed = loudness of noise fluctuated rapidly up and down

54
Q

pitch perception and phase locking only occurs up to how many hertz

A

5 000

55
Q

what is one of the main cause of hearing loss

A

noise in the environment

56
Q

damage to outer hair cells results in …

A

loss of sensitivity and loss of sharp frequency tuning

57
Q

what is presbycusis

A

hair cell damage resulting from the cumulative effects over time of noise exposure, ingestion of drugs that damage hair cells and age-related degeneration

58
Q

what is hidden hearing loss

A

people with “normal” hearing who have trouble hearing in noisy environment

59
Q

what test is used to determine if someone has “normal” hearing

A

detect faint noise in quiet room
- threshold
- “normal” is 0dB on audiogram

60
Q

true or false? hair cells damage are permanent after noise exposure

A

false, auditory nerve damage is permanent. hair cells recover after 8 weeks

psyc 212 - perception (11 decks)

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