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MRCS A > ANATOMY - Head part 2 > Flashcards

ANATOMY - Head part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

embryological origin pons

A

embryonic metencephalon

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2
Q

what structure separates the pons and the cerebellum posteriorly

A

4th ventricle

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3
Q

what structure is inferior to the pons

A

medulla oblongata

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4
Q

what structure is superior to the pons

A

midbrain

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5
Q

what is the pontomedullary junction

A

angle between the lower border of the pons and the superior border of the medulla

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6
Q

which 4 cranial nerves originate from the ventral pons surface

A

V
VI
VII
VIII

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7
Q

draw circle of Willis

A
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8
Q

where are the lateral ventricles of the brain

A

located within the hemispheres of the cerebrum

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9
Q

where do the horns of the lateral ventricles project into

A

frontal, occipital and temporal lobes

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10
Q

what happens to the volume of the lateral ventricles with age

A

increases

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11
Q

lateral ventricles drain into the 3rd ventricles via

A

Foramen of monroe

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12
Q

where are the 3rd ventricles

A

between the R+L thalamus

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13
Q

what are the 3 protrusions on the anterior surface of the 3rd ventricle

A

supra-optic recess (above optic chiasm)
infundibular recess (above optic stalk)

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14
Q

what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

cerebral aqueducts

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15
Q

where is the 4th ventricles?

A

within brainstem at jct pons of medulla

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16
Q

names of the lateral and medial foramen connecting the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space

A

foramen of Magendie (medial)
foramen of Lushka (lateral)

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17
Q

what 2 spaces does the 4th ventricle drain into

A

central spinal canal (bathes SC)
sub-arachnoid cisterns (baths brain between arachnoid + pia)

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18
Q

where is CSF reabsorbed back into the circulation?

A

at the subarachnoid cisterns (then via the dural venous sinuses)

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19
Q

what is CSF produced. by

A

choroid plexus

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20
Q

what is the choroid plexus

A

capillaries + loose CT, surrounded by cuboid epithelial cells

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21
Q

what 2 paired arteries make up the circle of Willis

A

vertebral and ICA

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22
Q

what spinal level does the ICA originate from

A

C4

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23
Q

what structure does the ICA move upwards in to entry the brain ?

A

carotid sheath

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24
Q

where is the carotid canal

A

in the temporal bone of the middle crfanial fossa

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25
Q

before giving rise to its branches in the cranial cavity, through which area does the ICA pass anteriorly through?

A

cavernous sinus

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26
Q

4 branches of the ICA in the cranium

A

ophthlamic aa
post communicating aa
ant choroidal aa
ant cerebral aa

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27
Q

post communicating aa supplies

A

connects vessels in circle of willis

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28
Q

ant choroidal aa supplies

A

brain structures important for vision + motor control

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29
Q

what aa does the ICA continue as

A

middle cerebral aa

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30
Q

origin of the vertebral aa

A

SCA, medial to the anterior scalene

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31
Q

how does the vertebral aa travel up the spine

A

through foramen strasversarium of the transverse processes of the C spine

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32
Q

via which foramen do the vertebral aa enter the cranium

A

foramen magnum

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33
Q

after the foramen magnum, what 3 branches does the vertebral aa give rise to

A

meningeal branch (falx cerebelli)
ant/post spinal aa
post infer cerebellar aa

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34
Q

after giving off its branches in the brain, what do the vertebral aa converge to become

A

basillar aa

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35
Q

anterior cerebral aa supplies

A

anteromedial part of the cerebellum

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36
Q

middle cerebral aa supplies

A

lateral part of the brain

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37
Q

posterior cerebral aa supplies

A

medial/lateral post parts of the brain

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38
Q

where do the posterior spinal aa anastomose with eachother

A

pia mater

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39
Q

aa supplying the spinal cord

A

ant + post spinal aa (^ vertebral aa)
also support via the segmental + radicular aa

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40
Q

where does the dural vv drainage of the brain lie?

A

between the periosteal + meningeal layers of the duramater

41
Q

does the dural venous system have valves?

A

no

42
Q

how many veins make up the dural venous system?

A

11

43
Q

drainage of dural venous system to the IJV

A

straight, sup saggital + inf saggital converge at the confluence
–> transverse –> sigmoid –> IJV

44
Q

journey of venous blood from the cerebrum to the dural venous sinuses

A

superficial and deep systems –> exit parenchyma –> SA space –> pierce meninges –> dural sinuses

45
Q

what are the 5 main vv in the superficial cerebrum system

A

sup cerebral vv
sup middle cerebral vv
inf cerebral cc
sup anastomotic vv of Trolard
Inf anastomotic vv of Labbe

46
Q

what does the sup anastomotic vv of Trolard connect?

A

sup middle cerebral vv to sup saggital sinus

47
Q

what does the inf anastomotic vv of Labbe connect

A

connects sup middle cerebral vv to transverse sinus

48
Q

what are the deep vv system of the cerebrum (2)

A

subependymal vv + medullary vv

49
Q

vv drainage of the cerebellum

A

sup + inf cerebellar vv –> sup petrosal, transverse + straight sinuses

50
Q

vv drainage spinal cord

A

3 x ant + 3 x post spinal vv –> form anastomotic network along spinal cord –> vertebral plexus –> systemic segmental vv

51
Q

name of glands which secrete ear wax

A

ceruminous glads

52
Q

blood supply to the ext auditory canal

A

auricotemporal branch of the sup temporal aa
post auricular branch of eca

53
Q

sensory inn ext auditory canal

A

auricotemporal branch of CN X

54
Q

which bone is the middle ear within>

A

temporal

55
Q

inn of the tympanic membrane

A

auricotemporal + auricular branch of CN X

56
Q

what is the name of the weakest point of the tympanic membrane

A

pars flaccida

57
Q

what pathology can occur in the pars flaccida of the ear?

A

cholesteatoma

58
Q

what is the largest ossicle of the ear

A

malleus

59
Q

what part of the malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane?

A

lateral process

60
Q

what part of the incus is associated with the malleus

A

body

61
Q

what part of the stapes is associated with the incus

A

head

62
Q

which 2 muscles are attached to the ossicles?

A

tensor tympani
stapedius

63
Q

which 2 nerves run through the middle ear

A

chorda tympani
facial nn

64
Q

what bone is the inner ear in?

A

petrous part temporal bone

65
Q

base of cochlear transmits..

A

low frequency sounds

66
Q

apex of cochlear transmis …

A

high frequency sounds

67
Q

where is the pterygopalatine fossa?

A

from infratemporal fossa to nasal cavity
betewen the maxilla, phenoid + palatine bone

68
Q

borders pterygopalatine fossa

A

ant - post wall maxillary sinus
post - pterygoid process sphenoid bone
inf - palatine bone, palatine canals
sup - inf orbital fissure
med - perpendicular plate palatine bone
lat - pteryogmaxillary process

69
Q

nn contents ptergopalatine fossa

A

CN V2 + here it branches:
infraorbital nn
zygomatic nn
nasopalatine nn
sup alveolar nn
pharyngeal nn
greater/lesser palatine nn

70
Q

through which foramen for CN V2 enter into the ptergopalatine fossa?

A

foramen rotundum

71
Q

what is the predominant innervation of the pterygopalatine ganglion

A

greater petrosal branch of CN VII

72
Q

name the 7 foramina of the ptergopalatine fossa

A

pterogmaxillary fissure
foramen rotundum
2 x pterygoid + pharyngeal arches
infra orbital fissure
greater palatine canal
sphenopalatine foramen

73
Q

contents pterygomaxillary fissur e(2)

A

post sup alveolar nn
maxillary aa

74
Q

pterygoid canal transmits aa/vv/nn from the pterygopalatine fossa to the

A

nasopharynx

75
Q

pharyngeal canal transmits the pharyngel branch of CN V2 to the

A

nasopharynx

76
Q

contents of infraorbital fissure (3)

A

zygomatic branch CN V2
infra orbital aa/vv

to the orbit, lacrimal gland + eye mm

77
Q

greater palatine canal tranmits aa/vv/nn from the ptergopalatine fossa to the

A

oral cavity - hard and soft palate

78
Q

contents of the greater palatine canal (4)

A

descending palatine aa
descending palatine vv
greater palatine nn
lesser palatine nn

79
Q

sphenopalatine formaen transmits aa/vv/nn from the pterygopalatine fossa to the

A

nasal cavity

80
Q

contents sphenopalatine foramen (3)

A

sphenopalatine aa
sphenopalatine vv
nasopalatine nn

81
Q

where is the infratemporal fossa

A

at the base of the skull, deep to the masseter muscle and zygomatic arch

82
Q

shape of infratemporal fossa

A

wedge shaped

83
Q

boundaries of the infratemporal fossa

A

lateral: condylar process + ramus mandible
medial: lat pterygoid plate, TVP, TLP, sup constrictor mm
anterior: post border maxillary sinus
post: carotid sheath
roof: greater wing sphenoid - prov passageways to the foramen ovale + spinosum
floor: medial pterygoid

84
Q

contents infratemporal foramen (8)

A

mm mastication specifically the pterygoids
CN V3 + branches - auricotemporal, buccal, lingual, inf anveolar
chorda tympani (follows lingual nn)
otic ganglion (hitchhikes along auricotemporal to parotid)
maxillary aa
pteerygoid vv plexus
maxillary vv
middle mengingeal vv

85
Q

what does the maxillary aa branch into in the infratemporal fossa?

A

MMA (then goes through foramen spinosum)

86
Q

where is the mastoid fossa?

A

triangular shape depression in the external surface of the temporal bone

87
Q

borders of the mastoid fossa

A

sup: supramastoid crest (extension of the zygomatic process)
ant: suprameatal spine of henle
post: hypothetical vertical line at the midpoint of the post border of the ext auditory canal

88
Q

contents mastoid fossa

A

NOTHING except mastoid air cells

89
Q

importance mastoid fossa

A

safe zone in mastoidectomy to start drilling

90
Q

where is the cavernous sinus?

A

within the middle cranial fossa, eitherside of the sella turcica of the sphenoid

91
Q

borders of the cavernous sinus

A

roof: meningeal layer attaching to ant + middle clinoid process sphenoid
ant - sup orbital fissure
post - petrous part temporal bone
medial - body sphenoid
lateral - meningeal layer dura mater of middle cranial fossa
floor - endosteal layer dura mater overlying greater wing sphenoid

92
Q

structures travelling through the cavernous sinus (3)

A

CN VI
carotid plexus
ICA

93
Q

structures travelling through lateral wall cavernous sinus (4)

A

CN III
CN IV
CN V1
CN V2

94
Q

what is cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

clot within cavernous sinus

95
Q

what is cavernous sinus thrombosis usually due to

A

infection

96
Q

Sx cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

periorbital oedema
CN VI palsy

97
Q

Tx cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

ABx

98
Q

which vv does each dural venous sinus receive blood form (5)

A

ophthalmic vv
central vv retina
spenparietal sinus
superficial middle cerberal vv
pterygoid plexus

99
Q

route of cavernous vv sinus to IJV

A

cavernous sinus –> sup + inf petrosal sinus –> IJV

MRCS A (36 decks)

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