Chapter 13

Question 1

define pathogens

Answer 1

a disease causing agent

Question 2

most deaths from infectious diseases- almost _____ percent are caused by handful of diseases

58%

73%

85%

90%

Answer 2

90%

Question 3

what is an epidemic

Answer 3

disease outbreak that affects many people in a community or region at the same time

Question 4

examples of epidemic

Answer 4

Black death (1300s)

Question 5

example of pandemic or global epidemic

Answer 5

influenza (1918)

Question 6

microorganism that coexist within a human host most of the time. Usually harmless for people in good health but if ill or have a compromised immune system it can cause serious health problems

exogenous microorganism

endogenous microorganism

Answer 6

endogenous microorganism

Question 7

define exogenous microorganism

Answer 7

do not usually inhabit the body

when they do they are apt to produce an infection or illness

Question 8

define virulent

Answer 8

strong enough to overcome host resistance and cause disease

Question 9

if you come in contact with the cold or flu virus will you become sick

Answer 9

not necessarily especially if your immune system is strong enough

Question 10

3 things that has helped canadians maintain their health

Answer 10

1. Clean food and water
2. Immunization
3. health-care system

Question 11

what is passive immunity? How can it occur?

Answer 11

natural occurring type of immunity that can also protect against the contraction of infectious disease

fetus receiving mothers’ antibodies through placenta

antibodies transferred into non-immune person blood stream

Question 12

are most diseases caused by a single factor or multifactorial

Answer 12

multifactorial

Question 13

3 things that need to happen for an infection to occur

Answer 13

1. compromised host (genetics, age, smoking)
2. disease causing agent (virulence, unique)
3. hospitable environment (light, moisture, temp)

Question 14

3 risk factors that you cannot control

Answer 14

hereditary: more likely to get disease if it runs in the family or chromosomal inheritance (sickle cell anemia). Risk can be reduced by regular physical activity, managing weight, engaging in physical activity

Aging: as we get older immune system become less efficient at responding to invading organism. Very young have comprised immune systems

Environmental conditions: Unsanitary conditions and presecens of drugs, chemicals, hazardous pollutants in food and water

Question 15

what is sickle cell anemia

Answer 15

genetic disease resulting from chromosomal abnormalities commonly found in individuals of African descent

Question 16

define immunological competence

Answer 16

ability of immune system to defend the body from pathogens

Question 17

name risk factors you can control

Answer 17

1. stress, depression, axiety
2. inadequate dietary intake
3. Low level of physical activity
4. sedentary behaviour
5. lack of sleep
   6.misuse and abuse of drugs

Question 18

define autinoculation

Answer 18

transmission of pathogen from one part of your body to another

e.g. hiv lip sore from touching your lips to rubbing your eye

Question 19

5 routes of transmission

Answer 19

1. direct and indirect contact
2. autoinoculation
3. airborne contact
4. food borne infection, animal borne pathogens
5. water born disease

Question 20

define bacteria

Answer 20

single celled organisms that can cause disease in humans

Question 21

what are the three major types of bacteria

Answer 21

cocci, bacilli, spirilla

Question 22

approximately how many bacteria’s cause disease in humans

Answer 22

100

Question 23

bacteria’s are not poisonous themselves it is the poisonous substance called ____ that causes various diseases

Answer 23

toxins

Question 24

staphylcocci. where is it found? how does it cause an infection?

Answer 24

normal flora on skin
causes infection when there is a break in the skin

Question 25

define epidermis

Answer 25

outermost layer of the skin

Question 26

name on staph caused disorder talked about in the textbook

Answer 26

Toxic shock syndrome

Question 27

toxic shock syndrome

Answer 27

potentially life threatening bacterial infection most common in menstruating women

Question 28

when was TSS first reported?

Answer 28

1978

Question 29

how to reduce likelihood of contracting toxic shock syndrome

Answer 29

1. avoid super absorbent tampons except during heaviest menstrual flow
2. change tampons frequently (at least every 4 hours)
3. use pads at nights instead of tampons

Question 30

symptoms of TSS

Answer 30

high fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, chills, stomach pains, rapid pulse, sunburn like rash (on finger and toes)

Question 31

what does streptococci cause? characteristics?

Answer 31

strep throat: white or yellow pustules at back of throat

scarlet fever: acute fever, sore throat, rash

rheumatic fever: “lick the joints and bite the heart”

Question 32

when was pneumonia the leading cause of death in North America

Answer 32

1900s

Question 33

characteristics of pneumonia

Answer 33

high fever, chest pains, chills, chronic cough, fluid accumulation

Question 34

is it harder to treat pneumonia caused by bacteria or by viruses, chemicals, or other substances in the lungs

Answer 34

caused by bacteria

Question 35

define pneumonia

Answer 35

disease of the lungs, usually caused by bacteria