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immunology credit 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

In a blocking ELISA for testing of antibody

A

the enzyme labelled antibody is added after the first incubation with the serum containing antibody

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2
Q

The zone of equivalence is where

A

the concentration of an antigen is in balance with the concentration of an antibody

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3
Q

The wavelenght used for spectrometric analysis of ELISA tests is dependent on the used

A

substrate

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4
Q

The preparation of hybridomas requires

A

B-lymphocytes from the spleen of immunized mouse and myeloma cells

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5
Q

The essential step for Western blot diagnosis of BSE is

A

treatment of the sample with Proteinase K

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6
Q

Gammopathies are diseases characterized by

A

Overproduction of defective immunoglobulins

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7
Q

In electrophoresis individual molecules are separated depending on their

A

Total electric charge and molecular mass

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8
Q

A positive reaction in a tube agglutination test is

A

White sediment (with the shape of a dot) on the bottom and a clear supernatant

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9
Q

The precipitin band has whch colour

A

white

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10
Q

Fill in the blanks:
Blood [ ] is prepared by centrifugation of clotted blood

Blood [ ] is prepared by centrifugation of whole blood

A

serum

plasma

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11
Q

Which agglutination assays are for quantitative determination of antibodies?

A

Haemagglutination inhibition test
Tube agglutination

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12
Q

Prozone is

A

inability to cause agglutination in excess of antibodies

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13
Q

Protein A can bind to

A

The Fc region of the antibody

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14
Q

After serum electrophoresis, immunoglobulins are present in the fraction of

A

gamma-globulins

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15
Q

How is the immune system characterized?

A

a system which is able to identify adverse changes in the external and internal environment and respond to them

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16
Q

What is the basic roles of the immune system?

A

Defence
Self-tolerance
Immune surveillance

17
Q

What are the types of systems that the immune system can be characterized as?

A

Information (system) - recieve stimuli through receptors and respond to them by appropriate effector activity

Diffuse (system) - components (soluble molecules, immune cells) are dispersed in all parts of the body

Effective (system) - immune responses only arrise when necessary

18
Q

What are the two types of mechanisms of immunity?

A
  1. Innate, non-specific
  2. Adaptive, specific
19
Q

Describe the innate, non-specific type of immunity

A
  • antigen non-specific
    Ready to respond immediately on invading pathogens (firstline defence).
    Always equally intense.
    Lack any form of memory.
20
Q

Describe the adaptive, specific mechanisms of immunity

A
  • antigen specific
    Takes several days to become effective, but then incredibly effective (second line of defense).
    Respond more rapidly and effectively during second contact with the same organism, have memory.
21
Q

What are the two types of components found in the immune responses?

A

Humoral (soluble molecules) and cells.

22
Q

What are the humoral components found in the innate, nonspecific mechanism of immunity?

A

Complement proteins, cytokines, antimicrobial peptides and acute phase proteins (APP).

23
Q

What are the cellular components of the blood found in innate, nonspecific mechanism of immunity?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and NK cells

24
Q

What are the cellular components of the tissue found in innate, nonspecific mechanism of immunity?

A

macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells

25
Q

What are the humoral components found in adaptive, specific mechanism of injury?

A

antibodies, immunoglobulins

26
Q

What are the cellular components found in the adaptive, specific mechanism of immunity?

A

T and B lymphocytes

27
Q

How does the immune system activate the adaptive immune system?

A

through synthesis of several cytokines and antigen presentation of T and B cells

28
Q

What do intracellular invaders trigger in innate immunity?

A

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

29
Q

What do extracellular invaders trigger in innate immunity?

A

phagocytes, complement system

30
Q

What do extracellular or intracellular invaders trigger in adaptive immunity?

A

helper T cells, which trigger B cells and antibodies

immunology credit 1 (9 decks)

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