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psych 101 > Human Motivation > Flashcards

Human Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are antecedent conditions

A

external events, social contexts, etc.

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2
Q

What are internal processes

A

needs, cognitions, emotions, etc.

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3
Q

What is motivation

A

internal processes that activate, energize, and sustain behaviour towards specific goals

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4
Q

What is a need

A

something that is necessary for us to live a healthy life

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5
Q

What is cognition

A

mental events

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6
Q

What is emotion

A

a feeling involving physiological, behavioural, and cognitive reactions to internal and external events

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7
Q

What is an instinct

A

a complex behaviour that is natural throughout a species that is unlearned

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8
Q

What is evolutionary theory

A

we are “hard-wired” to engage in certain behaviours for survival reasons

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9
Q

What is drive reduction theory

A

need; drive; drive-reducing behaviour

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10
Q

What is the “need” referring to in drive-reduction theory

A

state of deprivation that activates and directs behaviour to alleviate the deprivation

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11
Q

What is the “drive” referring to in drive-reduction theory

A

an aroused state of tension that typically arises from a need (DRIVES our behaviour)

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12
Q

Using the example of eating an apple, what are the three portions of drive-reduction behaviour

A

need: hunger
drive: eating an apple
homeostasis: satiated

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13
Q

What does optimal arousal theory define

A

people often seek to increase rather than decrease tension

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14
Q

What is incentive theory

A

external influences make us want to do something

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15
Q

What is an intrinsic influence

A

Performance of an
activity for the satisfaction of the
activity itself

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16
Q

What is an extrinsic influence

A

Performance of an
activity to obtain some external
outcome

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17
Q

What is expectancy theory

A

subjective prediction of the likelihood of future events

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18
Q

What is efficacy expectancy

A

judgement of our ability to carry out a specific task effectively

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19
Q

What is outcome expectancy

A

judgement that a specific action will result in a specific outcome

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20
Q

Aside from efficacy and outcome, what drives expectation

A

value

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21
Q

What part of the brain is triggered when blood sugar is LOW

A

lateral hypothalamus

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22
Q

What part of the brain is triggered when blood sugar is HIGH

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

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23
Q

What other factors aside from biological impact eating

A

attention to eating, variety, unit bias (portion sizes), social contexts, etc.

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24
Q

What is libido

A

motivation for sexual interactions

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25
Q

What is sexual selection

A

differential success in competition for access to mates based on differences in heritable traits

26
Q

What are the two types of sexual selections

A

intrasexual and intersexual

27
Q

What is intrasexual selection

A

competition between the same sex to gain access to members of the other sex

28
Q

What is intersexual selection

A

competition between members of one sex to be chosen by the other sex

29
Q

What is differential parental investment

A
  • the sex that is more involved in gestating and rearing offspring is more selective about mating
  • the sex that is less involved in gestating and rearing offspring is less likely to be selective about mating
30
Q

Women tend to ______________ while men tend to _______________ about sexual partners

A

women: understate
men: overstate

31
Q

What is different about the brain in transgender individuals compared to straight individuals

A

higher volume of nuclei in the hypothalamus

32
Q

What did Maslow describe in relation to motivation

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

33
Q

At the highest point of Maslow’s model lies __________________

A

self-actualization

34
Q

What is self-actualization

A

the point at which a person reaches their full potential as a creative, deep-thinking, and accepting human being

35
Q

Is the hierarchy portion of Maslow’s model entirely accurate?

A

no, some motivations can occur simultaneously or in different level of priority depending on the culture/setting

36
Q

What is the need to belong in relation to motivation

A

the motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation, and mutual concern for each others well-being

37
Q

What factor is the most important for our well-being

A

sense of permanence

38
Q

What is passionate love defined by

A

the physical and emotional longing for another person

39
Q

What is companionate love defined by

A

the tenderness and affection we feel when our lives are intertwined with another person

40
Q

What is terror management theory (TMT)

A

a psychological perspective asserting that the fear of mortality influences human decision-making, particularly behaviours that preserve self-esteem and our sense of belonging

41
Q

What are anxiety buffers

A

concepts and beliefs that prevent death-related anxiety from entering our conscious mind

42
Q

What is the anxiety buffer: the cultural world view

A

a belief system about how our world should work

43
Q

What is the anxiety buffer: self-esteem

A

feelings that make us feel significant and valued

44
Q

What is an approach goal

A

an enjoyable and pleasant incentive that a person is drawn towards for reward or satisfaction

45
Q

What is an avoidance goal

A

an attempt to avoid an unpleasant outcome like shame or embarrassment by completing a task

46
Q

What are the three outlined universal needs for psychological existance

A

relatedness
autonomy
competence

47
Q

What is relatedness

A

how relatable and connected you feel to others

48
Q

What is autonomy

A

the need to feel in control of your own life

49
Q

What is competence

A

the ability to perform a task at a skill-level that is satisfying to the individual

50
Q

Our motivation isn’t necessarily driven by how intelligent we are, but actually by….

A

how intelligent we THINK we are

51
Q

The effect that your own ability perception has on motivation is called…

A

self-efficacy

52
Q

What is self-efficacy

A

an individual’s confidence that he/she can perform a task in order to solve a problem

53
Q

Themes of wanting to have control over your own life and make your own decisions are a part of…

A

self-determination theory

54
Q

What is amotivational

A

having little to no motivation or drive to perform a behaviour

55
Q

Do rewards truly improve motivation?

A

no, it has been proven those offered rewards actually feel less drive while completing a task and take longer because they are under less stress

56
Q

What is the over-justification effect

A

the change from being internally motivated to being motivated by reward

57
Q

Western culture motivation tends to be _____________ and ________________ motivated

A

autonomic and individually motivated

58
Q

Eastern culture motivation tends to be _____________ based and ___________

A

society based and inclusive

59
Q

What is affiliation motivation

A

the need to have at least a few permanent meaningful relationships

60
Q

If a student is a pre-med major because he is curious about how the body works and how it recovers from disease, psychologists would say that he has ________ motives. If the student is studying pre-med only because he thinks this major will impress people, then psychologists would say that he has ________ motives.

A

mastery, performance

61
Q

A recent immigrant from Korea is working on a group project with two Canadian colleagues whose families immigrated to Canada several generations ago. The assignment is quite boring and was assigned by the regional manager of the company they work for. Based on what you’ve read in this module, how will the Korean-Canadian differ from his Canadian colleagues?

A

The Korean-Canadian’s negative emotions will not be affected when he is thinking about his Korean culture

psych 101 (17 decks)

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