Motivation to work

Question 1

Need theories

Answer 1

I

Question 2

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 2

proposes that basic human needs need to be satisfied before we
can begin to satisfy higher needs. Maslow claimed that all
needs of humans could be arranged in a hierarchy. A person
moves through the hierarchy by fulfilling each level, so
that the basic physiological needs need to be met before
moving up.

Question 3

Theory of needs

Answer 3

1. Biological and psychological needs
2. Safety needs
3. Love and belongingness needs
4. Esteem needs
5. Cognitive needs
6. Aesthetics needs
7. Self-actualisation
8. Transcendence

Question 4

Alderfer’s ERG Theory

Answer 4

Alderfer’s Theory is not a hierarchical approach and
people can be motivated by needs from more than
one level at the same time. We do not progress from
satisfying needs at one level to satisfying needs at
the next level. A job should fulfill all these needs. The importance of these needs changes throughout life.

Question 5

ERG

Answer 5

Existence
Relatedness
Growth

Question 6

McClelland’s Theory of Achievement Motivation

Answer 6

This theory proposes that there are different needs that motivate people and that these differences are measurable

Question 7

Theory

Answer 7

Need for achievement
Need for affiliation
Need for power

Question 8

Need for achievement test

Answer 8

Need for achievement (or N-Ach) can be measured with the
use of the Thematic Apperception Test or TAT. These are a
series of ambiguous images which the individual is asked
to interpret.

Question 9

Cognitive theories

Answer 9

II

Question 10

Projective test

Answer 10

a personality test that uses ambiguous stimuli such an ink blots or the Thematic Apperception Test images discussed here. The response given to the stimuli is thought to reveal hidden emotions and conflicts which the individual projects onto the image.

Question 11

Goal setting theory

Answer 11

-Locke and Latham 1980
-opposes McClelland in saying that internal motives are unconscious
- they suggest that setting specific goals produces higher
levels of performance than setting vague goals

Question 12

4C1F

Answer 12

Clarity
Challenge
Complexity
Commitment
Feedback (crucial importance)

Question 13

SMART and Backwards goal setting

Answer 13

Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Relevant
Timescale

Working backward in order to determine the most appropriate way of reaching it.

Question 14

Expectancy Theory

Answer 14

-Vroom 1964
- proposes that workersare rational beings whose decision making is guided by bogical thought processes in which potential costs and
rewards play a significant role
-all workers can be motivated if there is a clear relationship
between effort and performance, if the favourable
performance is rewarded, if the reward satisfies a need and
finally, if the desire to satisfy the need is strong enough to
make the effort worthwhile

Question 15

Theory

Answer 15

motivation
expectancy
instrumentality
valence

Motivation= expectancy x instrumentality x valence

Question 16

Equity theory

Answer 16

-It proposes simply that workers expect things to
be fair. They expect pay, status and recognition to equate to
the amount of effort that they put in. The significant factor
in Equity Theory is comparison with others. If we perceive
others as being treated better than us, then the perceived
inequality will lead to decreased motivation.
- Input->Output
-Inequity can be of two types: underpayment or overpayment
-Inequity -> lower inputs or higher outputs

Question 17

Motivators at work

Answer 17

III

Question 18

Motivation

Answer 18

Intrinsic or Extrinsic
- Intrinsic means motivation comes from the journey or the actual performance of the task
-Extrinsic means motivation comes from the destination or the external rewards

Question 19

Reward systems

Answer 19

pay
bonuses
profit sharing
performance-related pay
Hard to tell if monetary related rewards are successful in increasing performance

Question 20

Non-monetary rewards

Answer 20

-Non-monetary rewards include praise, respect, recognition,
empowerment and a sense of belonging.
-There are several effective motivators which are not monetary.
Many of these you will understand as forms of positive
reinforcement.
-Such a scheme can highlight desired behaviours and through recognition, create role models for other to imitate