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bds 2 > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is a synchondrosis?

A

A primary cartilaginous joint – Mainly found in the developing skeleton (e.g. growth plates).

Adult example – between first rib and sternum. Hyaline cartilage between the two bone surfaces with very little movement permitted.

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2
Q

where would you expect to see the Spheno-occipital synchondrosis?

A

Between the sphenoid and occipital bones – allows growth in the base of the skull.

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3
Q

what is an ossification centre?

A

An ossification centre is the STARTING POINT FOR BONE GROWTH.
Some bones in the skull develop from several ossification centres, which later fuse into a single bone.

The first ossification centre to appear is the primary ossification centre.

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4
Q

How many ossification centres does the occipital bone develop from?

A

Usually 6 ossification centres – parts 3 & 4 (see image) usually fused by birth

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5
Q

What is a fontanelle and why are these important structures in the developing skull?

A

Membranous areas “soft spots” between bones of the calvarium (neurocranium). Allow for compression and overlap of bones during birthing - head can appear slightly distorted for several days following birth.

Also important for continued rapid growth of brain after baby is born.

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5
Q

What is a fontanelle and why are these important structures in the developing skull?

A

Membranous areas “soft spots” between bones of the calvarium (neurocranium). Allow for compression and overlap of bones during birthing - head can appear slightly distorted for several days following birth.

Also important for continued rapid growth of brain after baby is born.

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6
Q

How many fontanelles are there and when does each close?

A

1x Anterior, 1x Posterior, 2x Mastoid (posterolateral), 2x Sphenoidal (anterolateral)

Approx. Closure Pattern (all postpartum)
Between 1-3 months - Posterior Fontanelle
By around 6 months - Sphenoidal (anterolateral) Fontanelle
Between 6-18 months - Mastoid (posterolateral) Fontanelle
By around 2 years - Anterior Fontanelle

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7
Q

the difference/relationship between sutures and fontanelles? Are sutures just the joinings made by the fontanelle gaps?

A

Sutures are tough fibrous joints between cranial bones - with little to no movement between bones.

Fontanelles are membranes covering the brain that haven’t yet turned to bone (ossified) – they allow movement/overlapping of the bones during birth and rapid expansion of the brain and skull following birth. When the bones grow together and fuse, they are replaced by sutures.

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8
Q

label the adult skull below

A

.

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9
Q

label the fetal skull below

A
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10
Q

label the skulls below

A
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11
Q

when does face features develop in utero?

A

4-8 weeks

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12
Q

when does palate forms in utero

A

6-10 weeks

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13
Q

when is the earliest bone to be laid in skull and what it is?

A

6-7 weeks
and its mandible

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14
Q

what forms out of 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Muscles of Mastification
Malleus
Incus
Meckel’s cartilage

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15
Q

what forms out of 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

facial nerve (VII)
muscles of facial expression
hyoid

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16
Q

what forms out of 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
stylopharyngeus
common carotid artery
hyoid

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17
Q

what forms out of 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch?

A

vagus nerve (X)
muscles of pharynx and larynx
aortic arch
laryngeal cartilages

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18
Q

what are pharyngeal arches?

A

ridges or outgrowth
formed during embryogenesis

centre is made out of neurocrest cells and mesenchyme

each arch has internal rod
has striated muscle that goes to develop into muscle

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19
Q

what is meckel’s cartilage and what forms around it?

A

acts as a jaw support during early development, and a template for the later forming jaw bones.

mandible forms around it

20
Q

how many facial prominences are there and name them?

A

5

frontonasal
paired maxillary
paired mandibular

21
Q

tell me about frontonasal prominence

A

it overlies developing forebrain
and forms the forehead and bridge of the nose

22
Q

tell me about medial nasal province

A

forms midline nose
philtrum upper lip

23
Q

tell me about lateral nasal prominence

A

forms aloe of nose

24
Q

tell me about maxillary and mandibular prominces

A

form from 1st pharyngeal arch

max = cheeks and lateral upper lip and LATERAL PALATAL SHELVES
mand = lower lip and jaw

25
Q

by what week in utero can you see all the facial structures?

A

week 8

26
Q

tell me about formation of the palate?

A

develops 6-10 weeks in utero

medial nasal = inter maxillary process = philtrum of lip and primary palate = EXPAND INFERIORLY

maxillary = lateral palatal shelves (secondary) = PRIMITIVE PRE-MAXILLA

6 weeks = nasal and oral cavities are continuous

Next is palatal shelf = 1st pharyngeal arch = forms secondary palate

27
Q

what is cleft lip and palate?

A

Cleft lip is a failure of fusion of the maxillary prominence with medial nasal processes

Cleft palate is a failure of fusion of two palatal shelves

28
Q

when cleft lip or palate are more common?

A

Cleft lip is more on the left and in males
Cleft palate is more in females = due to lateral elevation in week 8

In twins, cleft lip and palate doesn’t occur the same

29
Q

what babies with cleft palate more prone to?

A

ear infections

30
Q

when does surgery for cleft lip an palate happens?

A

cleft lip = 3-6 month
cleft palate = 6-12 month

31
Q

Which of the following branches of the maxillary nerve innervates the anterior part of the hard palate immediately behind the central and lateral incisors?

A

nasopalatine nerve

32
Q

In the mandibular arch, where is the primate space found?

A

between canines and 1str molars

33
Q

In the maxillary arch, where is the primate space found?

A

between the lateral incisors and canines

34
Q

Where do you find the fovea palatinae

A

posterior to the vibrating line

35
Q

Which of the following nerves is a branch of cranial nerve V

A

mental

36
Q

Which muscle is infrahyoid

A

sternohyoid

37
Q

neonates have a metopic suture, it is present between which two developing halves of the bone?

A

frontal bones

38
Q

coronal suture?

A

between the frontal and parietal bones of the skull.

39
Q

mental symphysis

A

the line of fusion of the lateral halves of the body of the mandible which splits inferiorly to form the mental protuberance.

40
Q

sagittal suture

A

two parietal bones

41
Q

lamboid suture

A

two parietal bones

42
Q

posterior fontanelle location and closure

A

junction of saggital and lamboid sutures= at the parietal bone
2 months

43
Q

anterior fontanelle location and closure

A

junction of frontal and parietal bones
closes at 18 months

44
Q

sensory innervation of the mucosa of the dorsal of the anterior 1/3rds of the tongue

A

lingual nerve V3

but taste is chorda tympani, of facial nerve, VII

45
Q

tongue muscles innervation

A

All the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII)

EXCEPT the palatoglossus, which is supplied by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve.

46
Q

sensory and taste innervation of posterior 1/3rd tongue

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

47
Q

which two muscles are attached to the pterygomandibular raphe?

A

buccinator and superior constrictor muscles

bds 2 (38 decks)

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