LE Pathologies

Question 1

what is normal genu valgus?

Answer 1

170-175 degree medial slant of femur

Question 2

what is excessive genu valgus and it’s detrimental effects?

Answer 2

less than 170 degrees (knocked knee)
MCL and medial capsule stress, patellar maltracking, ACL stress, lateral compartment OA

Question 3

what is genu varum and its detrimental effects?

Answer 3

greater than 180 degrees (bow legged)
increases medial joint loading -> greater loss in joint space -> greater knee adduction -> increase strain on LCL -> increase medial joint loading

Question 4

what is genu recurvatum?

Answer 4

greater than 10 degrees beyond neutral hyperextension of the knee
posterior muscle weakness

Question 5

what is jumper’s knee?

Answer 5

patellar tendinopathy
caused by repetitive jumping and decrease dorsiflexion when landing

Question 6

what is patellofemoral pain syndrome?

Answer 6

diffuse peripatellar/retropatellar pain that gets worse with squatting, stair climbing

Question 7

what are some related injuries to an ACL injury?

Answer 7

subluxation of the knee causing trauma to bone, cartilage, menisci, and MCL

Question 8

what is the terrible triad?

Answer 8

ACL tear, MCL tear, and medial meniscus tear
caused by external rotation and adduction

Question 9

How could foot pronation affect joints up the chain in the rest of the leg?

Answer 9

medial rotation force is added on LE causes
subtalar pronation, tibial IR pulling femur with, femoral IR and adduction, knee valgus

Question 10

how could foot supination affect joints up the chain in the rest of the leg?

Answer 10

tibial ER, knee varus, femoral ER and abduction

Question 11

what is pes cavus and how can it affect the ankle and foot during walking?

Answer 11

raised medial longitudinal arch
rearfoot varus, forefoot valgus
reduces contact with ground and increase contact pressure in other areas
cannot absorb shock

Question 12

what is pes planus and how can it affect the ankle and foot during walking?

Answer 12

low medial longitudinal arch
subtalar joint pronated = calcaneal valgus + forefoot abduction, depressed talus and navicular

Question 13

what is adult aqcuired flat foot deformity?

Answer 13

low medial longitudinal arch due to attrition/rupture of post tib tendon causing the medial arch to callapse

Question 14

what happens when the deep fibular nerve is injured?

Answer 14

paralysis of dorsiflexors, drop foot (plantarflexion)
pes equinus

Question 15

what happens when the superficial fibular nerve is injured?

Answer 15

paralysis of evertors
supination or inversion posture
pes varus

Question 16

what happens when the common fibular nerve is injured?

Answer 16

paralysis of dorsiflexors and evertors
plantar flexion + supination
pes equinovarus

Question 17

what happens when the tibial nerve is injured?

Answer 17

loss of plantar flexion torque - pes calcaeua
loss of supinators - pes valgus
loss of both - pes calcaneovalgus
loss of intrinsics (med + lat plantar nerve) - clawing of toes

Question 18

what is a high ankle sprain?

Answer 18

tib and fib separate stressing the membrane and possibly the deltoid ligament
caused by ER on planted foot

Question 19

what is an inversion ankle sprain?

Answer 19

injury to ATFL and CFL
caused during full plantarflexion