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Human Bio ATAR 11 > Respiratory, Digestive and Cardiovascular Diseases and Infections > Flashcards

Respiratory, Digestive and Cardiovascular Diseases and Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Excess high levels of irritating particles taken into the lungs

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2
Q

What is the pathophysiology of emphysema?

A
  • irritating particles damage alveoli : they lose elasticity (epithelial tissue is replaced with fibrous tissue)
  • break down of alveoli decreases surface area of lungs = less surface area for gas exchange
  • loss of elasticity means that lungs are constantly inflated and breathing out requires voluntary effort
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3
Q

What are the symptoms of emphysema?

A
  • coughing and wheezing (most people that have emphysema also have bronchitis - coughing clears mucous from airways)
  • shortness of breath (due to effort needed to breath out - shallow breathing, and destruction of alveoli)
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4
Q

What are the lifestyle factors that effect emphysema?

A
  • smoking (smoke particles break down lungs and irritate airways)
    –>also causes inflammation and damages cilia causing mucous production and swollen airways
  • exposure to fumes or dust (damage lining of lungs and airways = break down elasticity)
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5
Q

What is lung cancer?

A

development of mass of cells, that divide uncontrollably starting in the lungs - a tumour

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6
Q

What is the pathophysiology of lung cancer?

A
  • particles irritate mucous membrane causing excessive mucous production
  • cells at base of mucous membrane rapidly divide and mucous build up cannot be removed = rupturing the alveoli, pleural effusion = build up of fluid between lung and chest wall
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7
Q

What are the symptoms of lung cancer?

A
  • coughing or wheezing (body clearing out chemicals and mucous from airways)
  • shortness of breath (pleural effusion, if cancer blocks airways)
  • coughing blood (a sign of tissue destruction and inflammation in the airway)
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8
Q

What are the lifestyles factors of lung cancer?

A
  • smoking (carcinogens in cigarettes change tissue in lungs)
  • At first cells may be able to repair themselves but after continuous exposure they become too damages and turn into cancerous cells
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9
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

infection caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi

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10
Q

What is the pathophysiology of pneumonia?

A

-inflammation of alveoli causes it to be filled with fluid and mucous = reducing amount of air contained
- surface area of alveoli decreases = surface for gas exchange decreases

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

A
  • coughing and wheezing (attempt to clear mucous from air ways)
  • difficulty breathing (not enough surface area for efficient gas exchange)
  • fever (high body temperature in order to kill of bacteria, fungi or virus)
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12
Q

What are the lifestyle factors of pneumonia?

A
  • smoking (damages body’s natural defence against infection)
  • Arise due to other respiratory diseases such as asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis
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13
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

An infection caused by mycobacterium, top 3 infectious diseases causing death

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14
Q

What is the pathophysiology of tuberculosis?

A
  • destroys epithelial tissue in lungs and other parts of body
  • TB travels through the bloodstream to other parts of the body
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15
Q

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis?

A
  • coughing blood (a sign of tissue damage and inflammation in airway)
  • chills, fatigue, fever (fight of bacteria)
  • shortness of breath (pleural effusion, build up of fluid between chest wall and lung)
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16
Q

What are the lifestyle factors of tuberculosis?

A
  • close contact with an infectious person: spread by tiny droplets that are inhaled into the lungs
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17
Q

What is asthma?

A

Medical condition that causes difficulty breathing due to narrowing of airways

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18
Q

What is the pathophysiology of asthma?

A
  • muscles in the bronchioles go into spasm by triggers = narrowing airways
  • irritation of membranes causes excessive mucous production
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19
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A
  • coughing or wheezing (clear out airways of mucous)
  • shortness of breath (narrow airways, reduced volume of air)
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20
Q

What are the lifestyle factors of asthma?

A
  • smoking (destroys lung tissue and irritates airways, triggers spasms)
  • family history
  • exposure to fumes or dust (also triggers spasms)
  • air pollution
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21
Q

What is the treatment of emphysema?

A

emphysema cannot be cured, but treatment can be used to relieve symptoms and slow progression of disease:
- lifestyle changes
- bronchodilators (relax constricted airways)
- inhaled steroids (reduce inflammation)
- antibiotics
- supplemental oxygen
- surgery (lung transplant, or volume reduction)

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22
Q

What is the treatment of lung cancer?

A

Depending on type of lung cancer and how far it has spread:
- surgery (to remove cancerous cells)
- radiotherapy (radioactive waves to kill cells)
- chemotherapy (medicine to shrink and kill cells)
- targeted therapy (drugs to block growth and spread)

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23
Q

What is the treatment of pneumonia?

A

depends on whether caused by a bacteria or a virus
bacteria:
- antibiotics
virus:
- oxygen therapy
- prevented through vaccines

24
Q

What is the treatment of tuberculosis?

A
  • antibiotics (used to fight off bacteria)
    but often multiple drugs need to be taken at the same time
25
Q

What is the treatment of asthma?

A

No cure, but treatment can help symptoms:
- inhalers (relax constricted airways)

26
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

Inflammation of lining of bronchial tubes

27
Q

Pathophysiology of bronchitis?

A
  • bronchi become inflamed and scarred
  • bronchi produce large amounts of mucous
  • making it harder for your lungs to move air in and out of your lungs
28
Q

Symptoms of bronchitis?

A
  • coughing or wheezing (to clear mucous from airways)
  • shortness of breath (destruction of alveoli)
29
Q

Lifestyle factors of bronchitis?

A
  • smoking (destroys lung tissue and irritates airways)
  • damages cilia = excess mucous production not able to be moved up and out of airways
  • exposure to fumes and dust
30
Q

Treatment of bronchitis?

A

there is no cure but treatment prevents and treats symptoms:
- bronchodilators (relaxing constricted airways)
- inhaled steroids
- antibiotics
- supplemental oxygen
- surgery (lung transplant)

31
Q

What is constipation?

A

the passing of hard stool, that may be infrequent

32
Q

Pathophysiology of constipation?

A
  • stool sits in the large intestine for too long, causing too much water to be absorbed
33
Q

Symptoms of constipation?

A
  • stomach pains
  • passing hard lumpy stool
  • not having bowel movements as often
34
Q

Lifestyle factors of constipation?

A
  • dehydration (if you do not have enough fluids your intestine will remove extra fluid from your stool)
  • poor nutrition (not eating enough fibre that aids in bowel movement)
  • not enough physical activity (also helps with bowel movement)
35
Q

Treatment of constipation?

A
  • laxatives
  • fibre supplements
  • drink more water
  • more exercise
36
Q

What is Diarrhoea?

A

Frequent defecation of watery faeces

37
Q

Pathophysiology of diarrhoea?

A
  • irritation of intestine increases peristalsis so content inside intestines move through before adequate absorption of water
    -may be result of bacteria, parasite, virus, intolerance etc.
38
Q

Symptoms of diarrhoea?

A
  • watery faeces
  • stomach pain
  • weakness and fatigue
  • fever (high body temperature to fight off infection)
39
Q

lifestyle factors of diarrhoea?

A
  • bacterium, virus, parasite, intolerance
  • sudden change in diet (e.g. spicy foods)
  • intolerance or allergy
  • reaction to medication
40
Q

Treatment of diarrhoea?

A
  • plenty of fluids (prevent dehydration)
  • antibiotics
41
Q

What is bowel cancer?

A

uncontrolled growth of cells in the large intestine

42
Q

Pathophysiology of bowel cancer?

A
  • grows from inner lining of the bowel
  • usually develops from small growth called polyps (most polyps are benign but can eventually turn cancerous)
  • it can grow deep into the layers of the bowel and spread to other organs
43
Q

Symptoms of bowel cancer?

A
  • anal/rectal pain
  • change in bowel habit (tumour leaks fluid, or obstruction and overflow around tumour)
  • blood in stool
  • lump in anus or rectum
  • abdominal pain
44
Q

Lifestyle factors of bowel cancer?

A
  • smoking (more likely to develop polyps
  • high alcohol consumption (increase levels of hormones that encourages cells to divide)
  • diet high in red meat, processed meat and little to no fibre (damages cells lining bowel, fibre helps maintain healthy weight)
  • obesity and physical inactivity (excess weight increases insulin production = promotes cell growth)
45
Q

Treatment of bowel cancer?

A
  • surgery (cut out cancerous cells)
  • chemotherapy (special medicine to kill cells)
  • radiation therapy (high energy rays to kill cancer)
46
Q

What is coeliac disease?

A

An autoimmune disease that causes damage of villi in small intestine due to ingestion of gluten

47
Q

pathophysiology of coeliac disease?

A
  • When gluten is ingested, their immune system responds by breaking down the villi in the small intestine
  • because of the damaged villi, nutrients is not able to be absorbed efficiently, and surface area of small intestine decreases
48
Q

symptoms of coeliac disease?

A
  • weight loss, malnutrition
  • anaemia (lack of red blood cells because iron is not able to be absorbed)
    -tiredness, fatigue
    -stomach pain
  • diarrhoea
49
Q

lifestyle factors of coeliac disease?

A
  • it is hereditary, passed down from generation to generation
50
Q

treatment of coeliac disease?

A
  • follow a strict gluten free diet
  • steroids (can suppress symptoms while intestine has time to heal)
51
Q

What is heart failure?

A

The heart muscle is not able to efficiently pump blood as efficiently as it should

52
Q

Pathophysiology of heart failure?

A
  • blood backflows and blocks the veins that are trying to carry oxygenated blood into the heart
  • heart conditions can leave heart to weak or stiff to fill up with blood
53
Q

Symptoms of heart failure?

A
  • shortness of breath (build up of fluid in lungs)
  • fatigue (not enough red blood cells)
  • heart palpitations (heart speeds up to compensate for its failing ability to pump blood)
54
Q

lifestyle factors of heart failure?

A
  • can be hereditary (genes work together to increase chances)
  • smoking (causes blood to thicken and cause clots inside veins and arteries)
  • unhealthy diet (high in fats can rise blood pressure causing heart to work harder)
  • lack of physical activity (fatty material build up in arteries)
55
Q

Treatment of heart failure?

A
  • combination of medications
  • coronary bypass surgery (healthy blood vessel from somewhere else in the body connected to blocked artery)
  • heart valve repair or replacement
  • cardiac resynchronization (sends electrical signals to tell chambers to squeeze in a more coordinated way)
  • ventricular assist device (helps pump blood from ventricles to rest of body)
  • heart transplant

Human Bio ATAR 11 (18 decks)

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