Social Psychology Flashcards
Name some functions of attitudes
Knowledge function - quick frame of reference of information
Value expressive - can allow individual to express ideas and form integrity
Social adjustment
Ego-defensive - protects from personal deficiencies
What did the 1-dollar, 20-dollar group task show?
Counter-attitudinal behaviours
- Subjects paid £1 to do a repetitive and boring ask or £20
- Those paid £20 happy to admit it was boring
- Those paid £1 changed initial attitude and said they started liking it - hypothesised as a way to reason with their low incentive
What different attitudes scales exist?
Thurstone scale:
- Hundred of statements on a topic are made and presented to a panel
- 10 positive and 10 negative are chosen and subjects rate them on an 11 point scale
- If disagree with all a score of 0 is given
Likert scale:
- Simple
- Agree to disagree statements
- 5 categories
Sociometry
- Interpersonal attitudes in a repertory grid fashion - who like who –> sociograms
Guttman - scalogram
- Hierarchical in manner
- Agreeing to one level means the person agrees to all the levels below
Osgood’s semantic differential scale:
- `Assess verbally expressed attitudes using bipolar scale for different domains
Name some factors that influence if an attitude is expressed into a behaviour?
Perceived consequences
Social desirability
Habitual behaviours
Situational factors
When does self-recognition develop?
18-20 months
- Shown by touching the dot experiment - 75% touch the dot at aged 20 months
- Requires object permanence
- In primates mirror recognition may be behavioural recognition i.e. the one in the mirror is like me - rather than the one in the mirror is me
What did factors did Weiner propose to affect attributions?
Consensus - everyone or just individual
Distinctiveness - one scenario or all scenarios
Consistency - every time or one time
In Weiner’s systematic attributional theory what are the 3 dimensions identified in the process of attributions?
Locus
Stability
Controllability
When does theory of mind develop?
3.5 - 4 years
How do 1st order and 2nd order false beliefs tasks differ?
1st order false belief tasks include:
- Sally-anne tasks
- Deceptive container task
1st order tasks ask what you think another person thinks - normally children pass around 4 years. Those with ASD may be 5.5 years
2nd order tasks ask you to think what another individual thinks - 6 years for neurotlypical children, those with ASD may never pass
What are the neural correlates to TOM?
OFC
Amygdala
Inferior pareital cortex
Medial frontal cortex
What is linguistic determinism?
That language determines the basic category of thought therefore speakers of different languages will think differently
- milder form is linguistic relativity - that the semantic of language can affect how its speakers interpret and conceptualise the world
How do conformity and obedience differ?
Conformity - no instructions given explicitly. Influence comes from peers, done for acceptance and by an example. Low IQ, poor ego strength, poor leadership abilities and inferiority feelings conform more.
Obedience - individual explicitly asked to do a task. Authorities are source of a pressure and done for compliance and by instructions
Name the following group processes:
a) A group makes more dangerous decision that an individual can make
b) A group decision consolidates individual inclinations to make push the group in the direction that most were heading
c) In order to agree with the rest of the group individual rational judgement is not expressed
a) Risky shift (group shift)
b) Group polarisation
c) Groupthink
- processes that underlie these especially group polarisation is normative influence (not odd one out), informational influence (new information), social identity (fit to the social identity being formed)
- Deindividuation refers to the loss of self-awareness when with a group and following of others behaviours
When is increased aggression shown in baboons?
During periods of instability - like rank transition
What is the bodily self?
The ability to differentiate one’s own body from other aspects of the environment
- it is the first aspect of self-concept to develop