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Human Physiology > lecture 8: nervous system > Flashcards

lecture 8: nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

name the 2 parts of the nervous system

A

central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

briefly describe CNS

A

brain
spinal cord

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3
Q

briefly describe PNS

A

nerves (cranial and spinal)
ganglia (cluster of neuron cell bodies)

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4
Q

cluster of cell bodies in CNS

A

nuclei

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5
Q

name the 3 functions of nervous system

A

sensory input (PNS)
integration (CNS)
motor output (PNS)

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6
Q

describe sensory input (PNS)

A

response to external and internal stimuli

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7
Q

describe integration (CNS)

A

interpretation of sensory input
decides appropriate response

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8
Q

describe motor output (PNS)

A

conduction of signals from the CNS to effector cells

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9
Q

what are neurons

A

cells specialized for transmitting electrical and chemical signals

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10
Q

name parts of a neuron

A

cell body
fiber like extensions

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11
Q

what do the fiber like extensions of a neuron consist of

A

dendrites
axons

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12
Q

describe dendrites

A

convey signals towards cell body
short and numerous

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13
Q

describe axons

A

conduct impulses away from cell body
long single processes
some are insulated by myelin sheath
ends in axon terminal

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14
Q

what do axon terminals do

A

relay signals to other cells by releasing neurotransmitters
form synapses (junctions) between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons

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15
Q

describe synapses

A

nerves communicate via synapses
neurotransmitter are release from pre-synaptic neuron and act on a post-synaptic neuron

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16
Q

describe pathway (through neuron)

A

stimuli
dendrites
cell body
axon hillock
axon
axon terminal
synapse
dendrites
cell body
axon hillock
axon
axon terminals
synapse
effector

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17
Q

describe synapse (channels)

A

neurotransmitters bind to ion channels on post synaptic dendrites and causes hyper (inhibitory) or de (excitatory) polarization

inhibitory - K+ moves out
excitatory - Na+ moves in
(2 separate ion channels)

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18
Q

the time of response is dependent on what

A

speed of info transmission is dependent on number of synapses (number of neurons) in pathway

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19
Q

describe nerves

A

PNS
nerve = many axons bundled together

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20
Q

what is ganglion

A

PNS
all the axons synapsing

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21
Q

name the 3 types of neurons

A

sensory
motor
interneuron (association neuron)

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22
Q

describe sensory neurons

A

carry impulses from sensory receptors towards CNS
(afferent - towards)
cell bodies in PNS ganglia

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23
Q

describe motor neurons

A

carry impulses from CNS to effectors
(efferent - leading away)
most cell bodies in CNS (except for some autonomic neurons)

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24
Q

describe interneuron (association neuron)

A

connect sensory and motor neuron
shuttle signals through CNS pathways
99% of neurons

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25
Q

describe optice nerve/tract

A

optic nerve - pns
optic tract - cns

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26
Q

describe structure of spinal cord

A

bundles of axons emerge from the back (dorsal root) and front (ventral root) of the spinal
cord on either side and finger to form the spinal nerves

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27
Q

dorsal root contains

A

sensory neurons

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28
Q

ventral root contains

A

motor neurons

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29
Q

dorsal root ganglion contains

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons

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30
Q

name difference between brain and spinal cord (organization of matter)

A

spinal cord has grey matter in center
brain has grey matter as outer layer

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31
Q

describe flow of information through the nervous system

A

(ex withdrawal reflex)
receptor
sensory neuron
integration center (spinal cord)
motor neuron
effector

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32
Q

describe reflexes

A

involuntary response to stimuli (without conscious input)

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33
Q

what is a reflex arc

A

simple nerve circuit

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34
Q

why does doctor check your reflexes

A

gives info about health of nervous system

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35
Q

describe patellar reflex steps

A

receptor
sensory neuron
integration (spinal cord, few neurons, not complex)
motor neuron
effector

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36
Q

describe patellar reflex (generally)

A

2 neuron pathway BUT
also hamstrings must be relaxed for quads to contract

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37
Q

where are reflexes integrated

A

spinal cord and brain

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38
Q

name reflexes integrated in spinal cord

A

patellar reflex
withdraw reflex

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39
Q

name reflexes integrated in brain

A

involuntary
pupillary
swallowing
vomiting
breathing
blinking
sneezing
eyes tearing up

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40
Q

what are meninges

A

layers of connective tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord

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41
Q

name the 3 layers of meninges (and correct order outer to inner)

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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42
Q

what is cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

A

clear colourless fluid that surrounds brain and spinal cord

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43
Q

what contains CSF

A

ventricles - network of cavities within brain and spinal cord

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44
Q

name the functions of CSF

A

protection
buoyancy (1400g—>50g)
excretion of waste products
transport of hormones

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45
Q

what are glia

A

supporting cells

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46
Q

name the glial in CNS

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
microglial cells

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47
Q

describe astrocytes

A

provide structure and metabolic support
mediate exchange between capillaries and neurons and help form the blood brain barrier

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48
Q

describe oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheath around axons

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49
Q

describe ependymal cells

A

have cilia that beat to circulate CSF
line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord

50
Q

describe microglial cell

A

immune cell

51
Q

name glia in PNS

A

schwann cells

52
Q

describe schwann cells

A

form myelin sheath around axons

53
Q

describe myelin sheath

A

formed by oligodendrocytes (CNS) or schwann cells (PNS)
waxy coating around axon of neuron
insulates axons

54
Q

neurons can be…

A

myelinated
unmyelinated

55
Q

what are nodes of ranvier

A

regions of axons without myelin

56
Q

describe saltatory conduction

A

nerve impulse (action potential) jumps from
node of ranvier to node of ranvier so impulse moves faster
jumping from node to node in myelinated neurons = saltatory conduction

57
Q

what is white matter

A

myelinated axons

58
Q

what is grey matter

A

unmyelinated axons
cell bodies
dendrites
axon terminals
ALL synapsing

59
Q

name effectors (pathway through neuron)

A

skeletal muscle
sweat glands
heart muscle
digestive smooth muscle

60
Q

where are neurotransmitters released from (synapse)

A

axon terminal of presynaptic cell and act on postsynaptic cell

61
Q

name organization of PNS anatomical (4)

A

cranial nerves
spinal nerves
ganglia
sensory receptors

62
Q

describe cranial nerves

A

paired
info to and from brain

63
Q

describe spinal nerves

A

paired
info to and from spinal cord

64
Q

describe ganglia

A

cluster of neuronal cell bodies

65
Q

describe sensory receptors

A

formed by dendrites of sensory neurons

66
Q

name and describe (briefly) organization of PNS physiological

A

afferent (sensory) = towards CNS
efferent (motor) = away from CNS

67
Q

describe efferent (motor) - organization of PNS (physiological)

A

somatic = skeletal muscle, voluntary (usually)
autonomic = smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, involuntary

68
Q

name and briefly describe divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic = fight or flight
parasympathetic = rest and digest

69
Q

describe ANS (autonomic nervous system)

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions act on same targets but have opposing effects

70
Q

which type of nerves is parasympathetic associated with (mostly involves)

A

cranial nerves

71
Q

which type of nerves is sympathetic associated with (mostly involves)

A

spinal nerves

72
Q

describe vagus nerve

A

cranial nerve in parasympathetic divining that does many things

73
Q

what effects of parasympathetic nervous system is vagus nerve associated with

A

constricts bronchi in lungs
slows heart
stimulates activity of stomach and intestines
stimulates activity of pancreas
stimulates gallbladder

74
Q

name all effects of parasympathetic division (9)

A

constricts pupil of eye
stimulates salivary gland secretion
constricts bronchi in lungs
slows heart
stimulates activity of stomach and intestines
stimulates activity of pancreas
stimulates gallbladder
promotes emptying of bladder
promotes erection of genitalia

75
Q

name all effects of sympathetic division (10)

A

dilates pupil of eye
inhibits salivary gland secretion
relaxes bronchi in lungs
accelerates heart
inhibits activity of stomach and intestines
inhibits activity of pancreas
stimulates glucose release from liver; inhibits gallbladder
stimulates adrenal medulla
inhibits emptying of bladder
promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions

76
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions ALWAYS have opposing effects

A

FALSEEEEE
they have a complementary effect =
para promotes erection of genitalia AND sym promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions

77
Q

where is body of post ganglionic neuron

A

in PNS ganglia

78
Q

describe organization of somatic motor neurons in PNS

A

single motor neuron
releases acetylcholine (stimulates skeletal muscle to contract)

79
Q

describe organization of sympathetic motor neurons in PNS

A

pre ganglionic neuron - releases acetylcholine

stimulates adrenal medulla to release epinephrine/norepinephrine into blood (acts as hormone)
OR
acts on post ganglionic neuron - releases norepinephrine (acts on effectors)

80
Q

describe organization of parasympathetic motor neurons in PNS

A

pre ganglionic neuron - release acetylcholine (acts on post ganglionic neuron)
post ganglionic neuron - releases acetylcholine (acts on effectors)

81
Q

name all neurotransmitters (5)

A

acetylcholine
norepinephrine
dopamine
serotonin
nitric oxide

82
Q

describe acetylcholine (neurotransmitters)

A

skeletal muscle contraction
parasympathetic effects

83
Q

describe norepinephrine (neurotransmitters)

A

sympathetic effects

84
Q

describe dopamine (neurotransmitters)

A

affects sleep, mood, attention and learning

85
Q

lack of dopamine in brain associated with

A

parkinson’s disease

86
Q

excessive dopamine in brain associated with

A

schizophrenia

87
Q

describe serotonin (neurotransmitters)

A

affects sleep, mood, attention and learning

88
Q

describe nitric oxide (neurotransmitter)

A

acts as local regulator (ex: vasodilation by acting on smooth muscle)

89
Q

what is brainstem and what’s it do

A

hindbrain + mid brain
relays info to and from higher brain centres

90
Q

name the 3 parts of brainstem

A

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

91
Q

describe medulla oblongata

A

contains nuclei that controls visceral functions (autonomic)

92
Q

describe functions associated with medulla oblongata

A

breathing
heart rate
vasoconstriction and vasodilation
swallowing
vomiting
digestion

93
Q

describe pons

A

contains nuclei that control visceral functions
ex = breathing

94
Q

describe midbrain

A

contains nuclei for integration of sensory info

95
Q

name 2 parts of midbrain and describe

A

superior colliculi = regulation of visual reflexes
inferior colliculi = regulation of auditory reflexes

96
Q

name the main parts of brain

A

brainstem
reticular system
cerebellum
(epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus)
cerebrum
limbic system

97
Q

describe reticular formation

A

diffuse set of neurons in brainstem
act as sensory filter to decide which info reaches cerebrum

98
Q

what is RAS

A

reticular activating system (of reticular formation)

99
Q

describe RAS

A

regulates sleeps and arousal
acts as sensory filter (important for sleep)

100
Q

what does cerebellum do

A

coordinates motor activities with perpetual and cognitive factors
relays sensory info about joints, muscles, sight and sound to cerebrum
involved in coordination and balance

101
Q

describe epithalamus

A

pineal gland - synthesizes melatonin
cluster of capillaries - produce CSF

102
Q

describe thalamus

A

relays all sensory info (EXCEPT SMELL) to cerebrum
relays motor info from cerebrum

103
Q

describe hypothalamus

A

regulates autonomic activity
regulates pituitary gland
thermoregulation, hunger, thirst, sexual and mating behaviour

104
Q

what acts as biological clock for humans

A

suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in hypothalamus
internal time keeper (circadian rhythm)
ex - controls release of melatonin from
pineal gland

105
Q

describe cerebrum and name parts

A

most highly evolved structure of
mammalian brain
left hemisphere and right hemisphere
corpus callosum
basal nuclei

106
Q

cerebrum is involved in

A

conscious thought
all voluntary actions
personality

107
Q

describe left hemisphere (cerebrum)

A

responsible for right side of body

108
Q

describe right hemisphere (cerebrum)

A

responsible for left side of body

109
Q

describe corpus callosum (cerebrum)

A

major connection between left and right hemispheres

110
Q

describe basal nuclei (cerebrum)

A

involve in major brain functions
ex = voluntary movement, cognition, emotions, habits, learning of procedures

111
Q

describe cerebral cortex

A

outer covering of gray matter
consists of specialized regions with different functions

112
Q

name the 4 lobes of cerebrum and their brief functions

A

frontal lobe = primary motor cortex
parietal lobe = primary somatosensory cortex
occipital lobe = vision
temporal lobe = hearing

113
Q

what is broca’s area

A

speech production
left hemisphere
frontal lobe

114
Q

what is wernickes area

A

speech comprehension
left hemisphere
temporal lobe

115
Q

what is limbic system

A

mediates basic emotions like fear and anger
establishes emotional memory

116
Q

what does limbic system consist of (6)

A

hippocampus
olfactory cortex
inner portions of cerebral cortex
thalamus
hypothalamus
amygdala

117
Q

name the 2 types of memory

A

short term
long term

118
Q

describe short term memory

A

stored in frontal lobes

119
Q

describe long term memory

A

stored in different regions of brain depending on type

120
Q

name and describe the 2 types of long term memory

A

explicit = memorization of facts that can be recounted
implicit = procedural, remembering how to do something, like riding bike

121
Q

which type of long term memory takes longer to form

A

implicit

122
Q

describe moving information from short term to long term memory

A

involves hippocampus
enhanced by repetition
influenced by emotional states mediated by amygdala (limbic system)
influenced by association with previously stored info

Human Physiology (17 decks)

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