General pathophysiology - hematologic disorders

Question 1

What is the most common erythrocyte disorder?

Answer 1

anemia

Question 2

splenic contraction causes

Answer 2

rapid changes in RBC distribution by releasing a concentrated bolus of stored RBCs.

Question 3

what do Cold hemagglutinin disease, Blood parasites and methemoglobinemia have in common?

Answer 3

they all cause hemolytic anemia

Question 4

Hydration status is usually evaluated by considering

Answer 4

plasma protein (PP) concentration and PCV in combination.

Question 5

2 main points for completing an anemia diagnosis

Answer 5

1. determine the severity of the anemia
2. determine the boen marrow responsiveness

Question 6

a mild anemia in a dog is how much?

Answer 6

over 30% PCV but under species norm

Question 7

a mild anemia in a cat is how much?

Answer 7

over 20% but under species norm

Question 8

In what 4 situations would no reticulocytosis or polychromasia be expected

Answer 8

1. no anemia, blood normals
2. nonregenerative anemia
3. during the first 2-3 days of onset of regenerative anemia
4. during a mild anemia which will not stimulate much reticulocytosis

Question 9

Reticulocytosis and polychromasia peak when?

Answer 9

4-5 days after onset of anemia if bone marrow function is normal

Question 10

how much is marked canine reticulocytosis?

Answer 10

> 500,000 /ul

Question 11

how much is marked feline reticulocytosis?

Answer 11

> 200,000 /ul

Question 12

What diagnostic tool/result is best proof of intravascular hemoolytic anemia?

Answer 12

hemoglobinuria

Question 13

Reticulocyte quantitation in blood is the most consistent way to evaluate what?

Answer 13

the strength of erythropoiesis

but time after onset and magnitude of reticulocytosis must be considered in conjunction

Question 14

a reticulocyte count should be performed when the pcv is less than how much in dogs?

Answer 14

30%

so a moderate or severe anemia

Question 15

a reticulocyte count should be performed when the pcv is less than how much in cats?

Answer 15

20%

so a moderate or severe anemia

Question 16

Feline reticulocytes are subdivided into

Answer 16

aggregate and punctate forms.

Question 17

What is a punctate reticulocyte?

Answer 17

Punctate reticulocytes are more mature with small amounts of RNA that form small blue dots.

Aggregate reticulocytes mature rapidly in about half a day into punctate reticulocytes. Punctate reticulocytes mature slowly over 10
to 12 days and thus accumulate in blood in much greater numbers than do aggregate reticulocytes.

Question 18

What are aggregate reticulocytes?

Answer 18

Aggregate reticulocytes are less mature with large amounts of RNA that form dark blue clumps or strands.

Aggregate reticulocytes mature rapidly in about half a day into punctate reticulocytes. Punctate reticulocytes mature slowly over 10
to 12 days and thus accumulate in blood in much greater numbers than do aggregate reticulocytes.

Question 19

Canine polychromatophils are

Answer 19

reticulocytes, and polychromasia indicates reticulocytosis.

Polychromatophilic refers to multiple (“poly”) colors because of the
orange staining of hemoglobin plus the blue staining of RNA.

Question 20

Macrocytosis

Answer 20

Larger-than-normal RBCs (i.e., macrocytes)

Question 21

primary caus of macrocytosis

Answer 21

reticulocytosis, espesh 4/5 days after onset of anemia
macrocytosis identified by MCV in labs

other causes: long edta tube storage, breed-associated, FeLV

Question 22

anisocytosis

Answer 22

variation in RBC size

described by RDW and HDW in labs

Question 23

Common cause of anisocytosis

Answer 23

regenerative anemia with release of immature macrocytes

Question 24

siderocytes

Answer 24

abnormal RBCs with basophilic granules/ stippling

indicate abnormal eythropoiesis

Question 25

sideroblast

Answer 25

are nucleated erythroid cells in bone marrow with iron positive granules

abnormal ones have bigger and more granules

Question 26

norocytic normochromic anemia is what

Answer 26

nonregenerative aniemia with too few reticulocuytes/macrocytes to increase the MCV

Question 27

macrocytic hypochromic anemia is

Answer 27

typically regernative anemia with reticulocytes causing the increased MCV

reticulocytes are hypochromic (decreased MCHC) because they have not compelte hemoglobin synthesis.

Question 28

macrocytic normochromic anemia

Answer 28

usually occurs in regen. anemia.

MCV > 80 fl

Question 29

Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia

Answer 29

usually diagnostic for iron deficiency

low MCV
low MCHC

common in dogs with portosystemic shunt

Question 30

left of at REGENERATIVE ANEMIA, hematological disorders document