Anti-Infectives

Question 1

Name some gram -ve bacteria and what color do they turn into

Answer 1

If stained, they turn into pink.
1. Pseudomonas aeroginosa
2. Haemophilus influenza
3. Klebsiella pneumonia
4. Serratia species

Question 2

Name some gram +ve bacteria and what color they turn into?

Answer 2

If stained,they turn purple,
1. Streptococcus pneumonia
2. Staphylococcus aureus
3. Streptococcus faecalis

Question 3

Name one cell wall deficit pathogen

Answer 3

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 4

What are the 2 categories of Pneumonia?

Answer 4

It is often caused by different micro-organisms.
1. Community acquired
They are typically gram +ve, streptococcus pneumonia is the most common.
They can also be gram -ve bacteria, such as H.influenza
Treated with broad spectrum antibiotics, such as penicillin.
2. Nosocomial
They are typically gram -ve,
Aureus/bacillus/fungi are the most common
They are harder to treat than cap
Life threatening. Immune suppressed and intubated patients are more susceptible
Treated with narrow spectrum antibiotics.

Question 5

What is ROA of antibiotics

Answer 5

PO, IV, IM, INHALED

Question 6

What does broad spectrum and narrow spectrum mean?

Answer 6

Broad treats against wide range of MO, where’s narrow treats against a smaller range of MO

Question 7

MOA OF ANTIBIOTICS

Answer 7

1. Inhibits cell wall synthesis (bacteria static)
2. Or cause cell wall lysis (bactericidal)

Bacteriastatic prevents further bacterial growth by inhibiting protein synthesis
Bactericidal results in cell death-usually by inhibiting bacterial wall/DNA synthesis

Question 8

Anti biotic can give Synergistic effect with which drug

Answer 8

It can be synergistic with aminoglycosides.

Question 9

Most common side effect of antibiotics?

Answer 9

Allergies, hypersensitivity , 3-10 % of population.
Mild reactions to anaphylaxis
May or may not include all classes

Additional side effects:
Hematologic reactions(increased bleeding time)
P.O, GI upset, diarrhea, vomiting,
Nephrotoxicity (effects kidney)

Question 10

What is drug resistance?

Answer 10

When organisms develop enzymes that bind to the drug and prevent the drug from attaching to the binding site of the bacteria. This happens due to drug overuse, or not finishing it.
Eg:MRSA (gram +ve)

Question 11

What PPE is required for resistant pathogen?

Answer 11

Contact precaution: we wear gloves, gown, to stop virus from patient to patient, nothing to do with HCW, its between patient to patient concern.

Question 12

Some additional antibiotics name

Answer 12

1. Cephalosporins – similar to penicillin
2. Fluoroquinolones – Respiratory Pathogens
3. Vancomycin - MRSA

Question 13

What are common respiratory antifungals?

Answer 13

1. Candida albicans
2. Aspergillus
3. Histoplasma
4. Cryptococcus

Question 14

Who is more prone to see antifungals?

Answer 14

Mostly in immunology-suppressed patients

Question 15

What are the side effects of antifungals?

Answer 15

Renal toxicity, nausea and vomiting.

Question 16

ROA for antifungals?

Answer 16

Aerosol(SVN), IV, PO, Topical cream.

Question 17

Which anti-fungal agent treats serious systemic fungal infections?

Answer 17

Amphotericin B (Fungizone), usually given IV, AND PO is also possible

Question 18

What are two inhaled anti microbial(aka anti-TB drugs)?

Answer 18

INH and Rifamycins
INH- Isoniazid, MOA- inhibit cell well synthesis, PO, IM.
Rifamycins- Rifampin, MOA- inhibit DNA-dependant RNA/bactericidal against dividing bacteria, IV, PO.
Remember Inhibit cell wall synthesis(bacteria static), and cell wall lysis(bactericidal)
Both leads to hepatotoxicity

Question 19

Name of drug that is antiprotozoal/antifungals?

Answer 19

Pentamidine, given with special aerosolized (SVN) with one way valve and filter (to prevent room contamination) since it is toxic.
Indication for pentamidine- PCP- Prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immuno compromised patients.
Given once a week for 4 weeks.

Question 20

Name the drug that is antiviral

Answer 20

Ribavirin- also given aerosolized with special SPAG unit, because it is very thick and SPAG unit avoids clogs.
It is dry powder, reconstituted with sterile water.

Question 21

Name the drug that is indicated for pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis

Answer 21

Tobramycin, classified as aminoglycoside and antibacterial. This is normal SVN.