Microbial species Flashcards

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1
Q

can microbes survive in every habitat

A

no

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2
Q

terrestrial

A

in soil formation and essential in ecosystems

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3
Q

aquatic

A

fresh and salt water

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4
Q

animals

A

microbiomes

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5
Q

what are extreme environments

A

hot springs and snow

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6
Q

how do you identify bacteria

A

using genotypic and phenotypic properties. Bacteria are placed in orders, families, genera and species

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7
Q

what are microbiota

A

microorganisms that share body space

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8
Q

what are microbiome

A

full collection of genes of all microbes in a community

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9
Q

where is bacteria found

A

skin, nose, mouth, vagina and intestines

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10
Q

obligate aerobes

A

require oxygen

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11
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

absence of oxygen

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12
Q

facultative

A

can grow in the absence or presence of oxygen due to alternate pathways acquiring energy

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13
Q

microaerophilic

A

require oxygen at reduced level

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14
Q

what do complete mediums have

A

amino acids, purine, pyrimidine, vitamins and inorganic ions

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15
Q

what are capsules

A

well defined mucoid structures that surround the cell wall of some bacteria and have anti-phagocytic properties

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16
Q

what are virulence factors

A

structures that are responsible for ability of a bacterium to produce infection or disease

17
Q

what are virulence factors associated with

A

adherence, invasiveness, exotoxin and antigenic variation

18
Q

how does bacteria survive

A
  1. antigenic disguise- bacteria coat themselves with host proteins
  2. immune suppression- interfere with functions of B and T cells
  3. Intracellular survival- hiding in cells where they multiply
  4. Release soluble antigens- these antigens bind and neutralise antibodies before reaching the cell
19
Q

what are 2 staining bacteria types

A

gram stain and acid fast stain

20
Q

what is gram stain

A

developed by Christian Gram in 1884, Permits bacteria to be separated into two BROAD groups, Gram-positive or Gram-negative.
* Gram-positive bacteria retain the dye crystal violet after treatment with alcohol or acetone.
* As they resist decolourization, they fail to take up a red basic due, safranin and appear purple or violet.
* Gram-negative bacteria take up the counterstain and appear red.

21
Q

what is acid fast stain

A

developed by Ehrlich in 1882.
Bacteria belonging to the genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia are NOT easily stained with aniline dyes(crystal violet/ safranin).
* Due to high content of cell wall bound lipids.
* Overcome with acid fast stain. Red dye-phenol mixture is first applied to the smear.
* Methylene blue is added as a counterstain

22
Q

what is acid fast staining valuable for

A

diagnosis of nocardiosis and mycobacterial diseases e.g. TB

23
Q

what is non-acid fast bacteria

A

staphylococcus epidermidi

24
Q

what is acid- fast bacteria

A

mycobacterium gordonae

25
Q

what is gram positive bacteria

A

streptococcus pyogenes

26
Q

what is gram negative bacteria

A

salmonella

27
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

thin, ductile, elastic phospholi[pid bilayer that encloses cytoplasm. The semi-permeable membrane controls the exchange of substances and elctron transport and oxidative phosphorylation take place here

28
Q

what is the cell wall

A

present in all bacteria except mycoplasma. Confers the rigidity and shape to the cell and acts as a barrier to low molecular weight substances. Can be gram negative or positive

29
Q

What is gram positive

A

thick, compact and exclusively PG

30
Q

What is gram negative

A

thinner, less compact and more complex walls