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Psychology > Biological Bases of Behavior > Flashcards

Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Biological Psychology

A

the science that deals with the biological basis of behavior, thoughts, and emotions

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2
Q

the science that deals with the biological basis of behavior, thoughts, and emotions

A

Biological Psychology

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3
Q

Neuron

A

a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.

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4
Q

a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.

A

Neuron

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5
Q

Dendrites

A

a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.

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6
Q

a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

Axon

A

the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.

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8
Q

the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.

A

Axon

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9
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

a greatly extended and modified plasma membrane wrapped around the nerve axon in a spiral fashion

allows the electrical impulses to travel quickly and efficiently between one nerve cell and the next

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10
Q

a greatly extended and modified plasma membrane wrapped around the nerve axon in a spiral fashion

allows the electrical impulses to travel quickly and efficiently between one nerve cell and the next

A

Myelin Sheath

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11
Q

Action Potential

A

the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.

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12
Q

the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.

A

Action Potential

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13
Q

Refractory Period

A

the period after response to a stimulus during which response to a second stimulus, presented shortly after the first, is delayed

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14
Q

the period after response to a stimulus during which response to a second stimulus, presented shortly after the first, is delayed

A

Refractory Period

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15
Q

Threshold

A

the lowest point at which a particular stimulus will cause a response in an organism

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16
Q

the lowest point at which a particular stimulus will cause a response in an organism

A

Threshold

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17
Q

All-or-None Response

A

the strength of a response of a nerve cell or muscle fiber is not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus

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18
Q

the strength of a response of a nerve cell or muscle fiber is not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus

A

All-or-None Response

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19
Q

Synapse

A

The space between the end of a nerve cell and another cell

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20
Q

The space between the end of a nerve cell and another cell

A

Synapse

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21
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that your body can’t function without

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22
Q

chemical messengers that your body can’t function without

A

Neurotransmitters

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23
Q

Reuptake

A

The reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neuron after the transmission of a neural impulse across a synapse

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24
Q

The reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neuron after the transmission of a neural impulse across a synapse

A

Reuptake

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25
Q

Endorphins

A

hormones that are released when your body feels pain or stress

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26
Q

hormones that are released when your body feels pain or stress

A

Endorphins

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27
Q

Agonist

A

substances that bind to synaptic receptors and increase the effect of the neurotransmitter

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28
Q

substances that bind to synaptic receptors and increase the effect of the neurotransmitter

A

Agonist

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29
Q

Antagonist Nervous System

A

blocks or impedes the normal activity of a neurotransmitter at the receptor

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30
Q

blocks or impedes the normal activity of a neurotransmitter at the receptor

A

Antagonist Nervous System

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31
Q

Central Nervous System

A

made up of the brain and spinal cord

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32
Q

made up of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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33
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

part of your nervous system that lies outside your brain and spinal cord

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34
Q

part of your nervous system that lies outside your brain and spinal cord

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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35
Q

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

A

found in receptors such as the eyes, ears, tongue and skin, and carry nerve impulses to the spinal cord and brain.

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36
Q

found in receptors such as the eyes, ears, tongue and skin, and carry nerve impulses to the spinal cord and brain.

A

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

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37
Q

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

A

cells in the brain and spinal cord that allow us to move, speak, swallow and breathe by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that carry out these functions

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38
Q

cells in the brain and spinal cord that allow us to move, speak, swallow and breathe by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that carry out these functions

A

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

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39
Q

Interneurons

A

any neuron that is neither sensory nor motor but connects other neurons within the central nervous system

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40
Q

any neuron that is neither sensory nor motor but connects other neurons within the central nervous system

A

Interneurons

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41
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

a component of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of the body movements via the use of skeletal muscles

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42
Q

a component of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of the body movements via the use of skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Nervous System

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43
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal

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44
Q

a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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45
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

a network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response

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46
Q

a network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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47
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

a network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger

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48
Q

a network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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49
Q

Endocrine System

A

The glands and organs that make hormones and release them directly into the blood so they can travel to tissues and organs all over the body

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50
Q

The glands and organs that make hormones and release them directly into the blood so they can travel to tissues and organs all over the body

A

Endocrine System

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51
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers released from endocrine glands that influence the nervous system to regulate the physiology and behavior of individuals

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52
Q

chemical messengers released from endocrine glands that influence the nervous system to regulate the physiology and behavior of individuals

A

Hormones

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53
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions

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54
Q

produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions

A

Adrenal Glands

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55
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

a small pea-sized gland that plays a major role in regulating vital body functions and general wellbeing

56
Q

a small pea-sized gland that plays a major role in regulating vital body functions and general wellbeing

A

Pituitary Gland

57
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

a recording of brain activity

58
Q

a recording of brain activity

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

59
Q

CT (Computed Tomography) Scan

A

the first widely used imagery technique to reveal brain anatomy

60
Q

the first widely used imagery technique to reveal brain anatomy

A

CT (Computer Tomography Scan

61
Q

PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan

A

an imaging test of the brain

62
Q

an imaging test of the brain

A

PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan

63
Q

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

A

a noninvasive diagnostic technique that uses the responses of hydrogen in tissue molecules to strong magnetic impulses to form a three-dimensional picture of body organs and tissues (e.g., the brain) with more accuracy than computed tomography

64
Q

a noninvasive diagnostic technique that uses the responses of hydrogen in tissue molecules to strong magnetic impulses to form a three-dimensional picture of body organs and tissues (e.g., the brain) with more accuracy than computed tomography

A

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

65
Q

fMRI (Functional MRI)

A

measures the small changes in blood flow that occur with brain activity

66
Q

measures the small changes in blood flow that occur with brain activity

A

fMRI (Functional MRI)

67
Q

Brainstem

A

the part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord

68
Q

the part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord

A

Brainstem

69
Q

Medulla

A

a section of the brain located in the brainstem which is responsible for automatic functions like breathing, blood pressure, circulation and heart functions, and digestion. It is also the area responsible for many reflexes like swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing

70
Q

a section of the brain located in the brainstem which is responsible for automatic functions like breathing, blood pressure, circulation and heart functions, and digestion. It is also the area responsible for many reflexes like swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing

A

Medulla

71
Q

Thalamus

A

an egg-shaped structure in the middle of your brain. It’s known as a relay station of all incoming motor (movement) and sensory information — hearing, taste, sight and touch (but not smell) — from your body to your brain

72
Q

an egg-shaped structure in the middle of your brain. It’s known as a relay station of all incoming motor (movement) and sensory information — hearing, taste, sight and touch (but not smell) — from your body to your brain

A

Thalamus

73
Q

Reticular Formation

A

a complex network of brainstem nuclei and neurons that serve as a major integration and relay center for many vital brain systems to coordinate functions necessary for survival

74
Q

a complex network of brainstem nuclei and neurons that serve as a major integration and relay center for many vital brain systems to coordinate functions necessary for survival

A

Reticular Formation

75
Q

Cerebellum

A

The portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the brain stem

76
Q

The portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the brain stem

A

Cerebellum

77
Q

Limbic System

A

the part of the brain involved in our behavioral and emotional responses, especially when it comes to behaviors we need for survival

78
Q

the part of the brain involved in our behavioral and emotional responses, especially when it comes to behaviors we need for survival

A

Limbic System

79
Q

Amygdala

A

region of the brain primarily associated with emotional processes

80
Q

region of the brain primarily associated with emotional processes

A

Amygdala

81
Q

Hypothalamus

A

a structure deep in your brain, acts as your body’s smart control coordinating center. Its main function is to keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis

82
Q

a structure deep in your brain, acts as your body’s smart control coordinating center. Its main function is to keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus

83
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The grey, folded, outermost layer of the cerebrum that is responsible for higher brain processes such as sensation, voluntary muscle movement, thought, reasoning, and memory

84
Q

The grey, folded, outermost layer of the cerebrum that is responsible for higher brain processes such as sensation, voluntary muscle movement, thought, reasoning, and memory

A

Cerebral Cortex

85
Q

Glial Cells

A

Any of the cells that hold nerve cells in place and help them work the way they should

86
Q

Any of the cells that hold nerve cells in place and help them work the way they should

A

Glial Cells

87
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

are important for voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions

88
Q

are important for voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions

A

Frontal Lobes

89
Q

Pariental Lobes

A

one of the brain’s major lobes, roughly located at the upper back area in the skull. It processes sensory information received from the outside world, mainly relating to touch, taste, and temperature

90
Q

one of the brain’s major lobes, roughly located at the upper back area in the skull. It processes sensory information received from the outside world, mainly relating to touch, taste, and temperature

A

Pariental Lobes

91
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

responsible for visual perception, including colour, form and motion

92
Q

responsible for visual perception, including colour, form and motion

A

Occipital Lobes

93
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

sit behind the ears and are the second largest lobe. They are most commonly associated with processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory

94
Q

sit behind the ears and are the second largest lobe. They are most commonly associated with processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory

A

Temporal Lobes

95
Q

Motor Cortex

A

the region of the frontal lobe of the brain responsible for the control of voluntary movement

96
Q

the region of the frontal lobe of the brain responsible for the control of voluntary movement

A

Motor Cortez

97
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

the part of the brain within the cerebral cortex that receives all sensory information from various parts of the body

98
Q

the part of the brain within the cerebral cortex that receives all sensory information from various parts of the body

A

Somatosensory Cortex

99
Q

Association Areas

A

an area of the cerebral cortex that functions in linking and coordinating the sensory and motor areas

100
Q

an area of the cerebral cortex that functions in linking and coordinating the sensory and motor areas

A

Association Areas

101
Q

Plasticity

A

the ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections

102
Q

the ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections

A

Plasticity

103
Q

Neurogenesis

A

the process by which new neurons are formed in the brain

104
Q

the process by which new neurons are formed in the brain

A

Neurogenesis

105
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication

106
Q

A wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication

A

Corpus Callosum

107
Q

Split Brain

A

patients in whom the corpus callosum has been cut for the alleviation of medically intractable epilepsy

108
Q

patients in whom the corpus callosum has been cut for the alleviation of medically intractable epilepsy

A

Split Brain

109
Q

Conciousness

A

an organism’s awareness of something either internal or external to itself

110
Q

an organism’s awareness of something either internal or external to itself

A

Conciousness

111
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

an interdisciplinary area of research that combines measurement of brain activity (mostly by means of neuroimaging) with a simultaneous performance of cognitive tasks by human subjects

112
Q

an interdisciplinary area of research that combines measurement of brain activity (mostly by means of neuroimaging) with a simultaneous performance of cognitive tasks by human subjects

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

113
Q

Dual Processing

A

the theory that the response made by an individual to a stimulus that permits behavioral control involves two stages: (a) a decision as to whether or not to respond and (b) a choice between alternative responses.

114
Q

the theory that the response made by an individual to a stimulus that permits behavioral control involves two stages: (a) a decision as to whether or not to respond and (b) a choice between alternative responses.

A

Dual Processing

115
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

the study of the manner in which genetic variation affects psychological phenotypes (traits), including cognitive abilities, personality, mental illness, and social attitudes

116
Q

the study of the manner in which genetic variation affects psychological phenotypes (traits), including cognitive abilities, personality, mental illness, and social attitudes

A

Behavior Genetics

117
Q

Chromosomes

A

a strand or filament composed of nucleic acid (mainly DNA in humans) and proteins (see chromatin) that carries the genetic, or hereditary, traits of an individual

118
Q

a strand or filament composed of nucleic acid (mainly DNA in humans) and proteins (see chromatin) that carries the genetic, or hereditary, traits of an individual

A

Chromosomes

119
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

one of the two types of nucleic acid found in living organisms; it is the principal carrier of genetic information in chromosomes and, to a much lesser extent, in mitochondria . Certain segments of the DNA molecules constitute the organism’s genes

120
Q

one of the two types of nucleic acid found in living organisms; it is the principal carrier of genetic information in chromosomes and, to a much lesser extent, in mitochondria . Certain segments of the DNA molecules constitute the organism’s genes

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

121
Q

Genes

A

the biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes

122
Q

the biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes

A

Genes

123
Q

Genome

A

all of the genetic material contained in an organism or cell.

124
Q

all of the genetic material contained in an organism or cell.

A

Genome

125
Q

Identical Twins

A

develop from the same fertilized egg that splits into two

126
Q

develop from the same fertilized egg that splits into two

A

Identical Twins

127
Q

Fraternal Twins

A

develop from two different eggs fertilized by separate sperm

128
Q

develop from two different eggs fertilized by separate sperm

A

Fraternal Twins

129
Q

Heritability

A

a measure of how well differences in people’s genes account for differences in their traits

130
Q

a measure of how well differences in people’s genes account for differences in their traits

A

Heritability

131
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

the study of behaviour, thought, and feeling as viewed through the lens of evolutionary biology

132
Q

the study of behaviour, thought, and feeling as viewed through the lens of evolutionary biology

A

Evolutionary Psychology

133
Q

Natural Selection

A

The way that any genetically determined behaviour that enhances the ability to survive and reproduce will continue in future generations

134
Q

The way that any genetically determined behaviour that enhances the ability to survive and reproduce will continue in future generations

A

Natural Selection

135
Q

Mutation

A

a permanent change in the genetic material of an organism

136
Q

a permanent change in the genetic material of an organism

A

Mutation

Psychology (6 decks)

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