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The Making Of Modern Britain > Foreign Affairs > Flashcards

Foreign Affairs Flashcards

1
Q

Britains Foreing poisiton in 1950’s?

A

economically damaged by WW2 so had to withdraw from commitments

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2
Q

1962 Dean Acheson?

A

’ Braitain has lost an empire, and not found its role yet’

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3
Q

When and significance of SUex Crisis?

A

(1956) led to political protest, US opposed, serious financial crisis, undermined Britains international position

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4
Q

How did Falklands war begin?

A

(1981) Foreign secretary (Carrington ) and Defence seretary (Nott)approved withdrawl of HMS Endurance from Islands wihout British naval prescence
–> CArrington advised against it and resigned when they invaded

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5
Q

What happened after Britian left Islands?

A

Argentinian military junta took it as a hint that they wanted to let Falklands go
–> general Galtieri sent invasion force

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6
Q

What was Thatchers response to Argenitian forces?

A

Immediate announcement that a naval task force would remove them and assert the right of Fakland Islanders to self-determination

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7
Q

Public opinion over Thatchers immediate announcement over FalkLands?

A

party soared in opinion polls
risky gamble but patriotic national mood

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8
Q

Events after task force sent to Falkland Islands?

A

(2nd May) last cahnce for peacful settelement disappeared when British submarine snak argentinisan battleship
–> caused heavy loss of life
(4th May) missile destroyed HMS Sheffield
(21st May) British troops landed at San Carlos Water
(14th June) Argentina surrendered

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9
Q

Public ooinion over isnking argentian ship?

A

COntreversial:
some apllauded
anti-war protesters claimed it was unnecessary

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10
Q

American support during Flakalnds?

A

Needed American bases to fight 8000 miles from home
American diplomatic intervention crucial to stop forces obtaining enough missiles to weaken British

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11
Q

Foreign position after Falklands?

A

critics: war unnecessary because would end up negotiating with Argentina anyway, mainly stand alone event, blip in world affairs
For: psychological impact important, resurgence in national pride

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12
Q

When did diplomatic relations open with Argentina again?

A

1989

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13
Q

Thatchers position as a international figure in 1987?

A

respected stateswoman
‘Iron Lady’
revival of ‘special relationship’
comabtive style in Europe

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14
Q

What were Majors aims for foreign policy?

A

First GUlf War and Europe

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15
Q

What and when was the crisis in yugoslavia?

A

(1989) stemmed from collapse of communism in Eastern Europoe
–> Yugoslavian president transforming from communsit party leader to extreme Serbian nationalist and threatning violect action against Albanian provinence

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16
Q

What happened in 1991 Yugoslavian crisis?

A

North slovenia declared independence and Yugoslav state began to break up
–> violent clashes between republics, Croatia and Serbia, over religion and ethnicity

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17
Q

How was peace tried to be enforced in Yugoslavia?

A

UN and EU began urgetn diploamtic efforts
DOugals Hurd (Foreign Secretary) optimistic that international mediation would be effective + britian could make a major contribution

18
Q

Otucome of diplomatic efforts in yugoslavia?

A

European diplomats failed
–> aim wasnt clear
–> maintianinf multi-ethnic yugosalvai or allowing it to break up?

19
Q

When did war break out in Bosnia?

A

April 1992 –> Muslim pop. driven out by violent ‘etnic leanising’ by bsonia-Serb paramilitaires backed by President gov.

20
Q

How did Major try to solve yugoslavian crisis?

A

(Aug 1992) hosted EU and UN conference in London
–> Un peacekeeping force put in place
(Oct 1992) Vance-Owen plan set out frameowrk for lasting settlement

21
Q

Opinions of Majors attempt to solve yugoslavian crisis?

A

praised for his actions but no concerted European pressure

22
Q

Why did Yugoslavian crissi continue?

A

US remained reluctant to intervene in Europe
Ser agression continued
War in Bosnia continued for 3 years (Sarajevo)

23
Q

What and when was the massacre at Srebrenica?

A

(July 1995) Bosnian Serb forces entered
–> Dutch UN forces stationed but no orders to intervene
–> 7000 Bosnian men and boys massacred

24
Q

Outcome of Srebrenica massacre?

A

British and European mediation seen as ineffectual
faliure of UN peackeeping
showed limits of EU diplomacy

25
Q

How did US intervene in Balkans?

A

Britian turned to US and NATO after Sarajevo and Srebrenica
Clinton persuaded to intervene
Were essential to force Balkan political leaders to negotiate
American air strikes on Serb forces led to peace conference in Ohio

26
Q

Outcome of 1995 peace treaty?

A

–> (1995) peace treaty signed in paris
–> guaranteed Bosnian independence, prtoected by UN force, substantial eco. support from international community

27
Q

Britains international position after 1987?

A

Britains place in EU questioned after it was moving Easwards as EU expanded with new Eastern EUropean states
NATO needed new role after end of COld War
‘special relationship’ with US meant Britian expected to play a role in new world order

28
Q

Why and what was liberal interventionism?

A

country should intervene in another country for liberal aims
–> prevent recurrence of massacres and ethnic cleansing and yugoslavian crisis

29
Q

Issue in Yugoslavia

A

Final phase of Balkan war began due to Serbian attakcs on Kosovo
–> Blair used diplomatic effort to persuade Clinton to back military action against Serbia
(1999) prolonged NATO bombing made them pull out

30
Q

Affect of Balkans war?

A

early success moudled Blair’s thinking and shaped his policies later

31
Q

Issue with Sierra Leone?

A

(2000) rebel forces in Sierra Leone threatened to take over city
- British gov. sent forces
- initially to evaucate foreigners
-once UN peaccekeepers there they secured capital nad helped end war year later

32
Q

What and when was 9/11?

A

(11th Sept 2001) Al Qaeda terrorist attacks
- four airliners hijacked
-Twin Towers destroyed and Pentagon
-3000 deid and outrage across world

33
Q

Issue with Afghanistan?

A

BEfore 9/11 US felt invuneralbe from outside attack
Immdeiate prep. of NATO to invade AFghanistan where Taliban allowed al-Qaeda to rain and plan terrorist operations

34
Q

Beginning of Afghansitan invasion and outcome?

A

(7th oct 2001) Britian joined US military campaign to overthrow Taiban and expel Al-Qaeda
–> supported by UN and NATO
–> no instant pacification of city and leaders escaped
–> (2002) attention on Iraq which may have allowed them to regroup in 2006-7

35
Q

Beginning of Iraq war?

A

Saddam Hussein contained by eco. sanctions and ‘no fly zones’ enforced by NATO
–> (2002) fears Saddam might represent to West
–> Iraw might link with Al-Qaeda and provide new base for terrorism

36
Q

What was second fear in Iraq?

A

Might develop weapons of mass destruction
–>(Nov 2002) UN resolution forced Hussein to allow weapons inspector back into Iraq
–> (2003) Hussein cooperating?

37
Q

When was the invasion of Iraq?

A

(March 2003) backed by coalition of the willing

38
Q

Reasons for/against invasion of Iraq?

A

For: genuinely concerned about WMD, needed to be a part of US for part of international world order or isolationism
Against: Evidence of WMD made up, exxagerated threat, mistreating Iraqi prisoners

39
Q

How did Iraq war end?

A

(Apr. 2003) victory and overthrow of Saddam Hussein
–> no neat or descisive end to war

40
Q

Reactions to Iraq war?

A

Four ministers resigned incl. foreign minister
(Feb 2003) Stop War March attraced more than million people

41
Q

Outcomes to Iraq war?

A

(2007) limited and partial success
–> short of ambitions set out in 2003
–> damaged Blairs reputations (cost lives, money and dilpomatic effort)

The Making Of Modern Britain (14 decks)

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