1: Cancer Overview Flashcards
5 Top Cancers in Men
prostate, lung/bronchus, colorectal, urinary(bladder), melanoma(skin)
5 Top Cancers in Women
Breast, Lung/bronchus, colorectal, uterine, thyroid
% rates of cancer in men and women
40% of men (1 in 2), 38% of women (1 in 3)
Races with highest cancer incidence rates and their survival rates
Black (64%) and non-Hispanic Whites (70%)
Major screening tools
Palpation (physical exam like breast exam)
Blood tests (like prostate labs)
Imaging procedures (like mammograms and colonoscopies)
Molecular techniques (genetic biomarkers)
Explain the TNM Classification System
T= Primary Tumor; N=Lymph Nodes; M=Distant Metastasis
Grades of “T” in classification system
TX=tumor can’t be evaluated
T0=no evidence of tumor
Tis= Carcinomia in situ (CIS) — abnormal cells, but not cancer (yet)
T1= tumor not palpable or visible by imaging
T2= tumor confined to the primary cancer site
T3=tumor extends to the neighboring tissue
T4=metastatic disease
Grades of “N” in classification system
Nx=regional lymph nodes can’t be evaluated
N0=no regional node involvement
N1=involvement of regional nodes
N2/N3=number of nodes indicates extent of spead
Grades of “M” in classification system
Mx=distant mets can’t be evaluated
M0=no distant mets
M1=distant mets present
Tumor Grading System levels (American Joint Committee on Cancer)
Gx=grade can’t be assessed (undetermined)
G1=well-differentiated (low grade)
G2=Moderately differentiated (intermediate grade)
G3= poorly differentiated (high grade)
G4=Undifferentiated (high grade)
Diet-related factors that might increase risk for cancer
grilling - increase formation of heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, increasing DNA adducts (carcinogen)
environmental toxins like aflatoxins (in peanuts)
Endocrine-disrupting chemical bisphenol A (BPA, in plastic)
Adiposity - not fully understood, but known for impacting insulin, sex hormones, adipocyte-derived cytokine levels, all of which can increase risk
Potential Nutrition Concerns - Cancer prevention
Obesity/loss of muscle
energy-dense food
excessive micronutrient intake from supplements
food contaminants (toxins/chemicals)
Potential Nutrition Concerns - Initial Treatment/Diagnosis
Side effects (N/V, taste, etc)
Fatigue
pain
anorexia
treatment-related cachexia
immunosuppression
weight/body composition changes
drug-nutrient interactions
Potential Nutrition Concerns - early post treatment
fatigue
pain
endocrine disorders
weight/body composition changes
cognitive deficits
dental caries or complications
Potential Nutrition Concerns - >5 years survivorship
weight loss/gain
decreased bone density
endocrine disorders
cardiovascular complications
cognitive deficits
dental caries or complications
