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Tp2. Cardiovascular System > Peripheral Arterial And Venous Disease > Flashcards

Peripheral Arterial And Venous Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal cause of the PAD

A

Occlusions
Atherosclerosis
Thombus
Embolism

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2
Q

What would be the flow when have a PAD

A

Turbulent
Reduced flow to the muscles during exercise
So would normally have pain during exercise which would be relieved with rest

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3
Q

What is intermittent claudication

A

Pain, cramping or a sense of fatigue in a muscle group of the lower extremities
Would occur in exercise but would be relieved when rest

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4
Q

What artery’s would be obstructed when have a buttock-hip-thigh claudication

A

Aorta or iliac artery

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5
Q

What artery would be effected when have a calf claudication

A

Superficial femoral artery

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6
Q

What artery would be effected when have a calf-ankle-foot claudication

A

Popliteal artery or distal artery’s (could be on the dorsal foot)

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7
Q

What are the signs of the acute or chronic limb ischemia

A

Rest pain
Ulceration
Gangrene
Limb loss

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8
Q

What are the features of the acute limb ischemia (sudden onset)

A

6 P’s
P = pallor
P = paraesthesia (pins and needles)
P = paralysis
P = pain
P = Pershing cold
P = pulselessness

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9
Q

What is critical limb ischaemia

A

Severely impaired flow to the lower limbs, would the increased risk of limb loss

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10
Q

What is chronic and limb threatening ischaemia

A

Most severe decrease in the limb perfusion
Pain at rest
Normally would come with an amputation

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11
Q

What would be part of the physical examination of the limbs

A

Skin (pallor, scars, ulcers)
Soft tissues (swelling, muscle wasting)
Bone (deformity’s, fractures and amputations)

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12
Q

What is the Buergers test

A

A) raise the leg for 3 mins at a 45 degree angle. If have paleness would have an issue

B) dangle the leg on the edge of a table. If have cyanosis and hyperactive hyperaemia, would be a postive test

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13
Q

What is the ankle brachial index

A

Measure the blood pressures of the arms and the ankles (posterior tibial artery and the dorsalis pedis)
Take the highest pressure out of them

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14
Q

What is the value for the ankle brachial index that would show a PAD

A

<0.9 = PAD
<0.5 = severe PAD

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15
Q

What is another form of diagnostic testing

A

Duplex ultrasound imaging

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16
Q

What is involved in CV Risk modification

A

Exercise
Lipid management
Boood pressure control
Antiplatelet agents

17
Q

What treatments would aid functional capacity

A

Exercise therapy
Medications
Revascularisation

18
Q

What would be the treatments that would be for the limb salvaging

A

Wound care
Antibiotic
Revasularisation
Amputation (especially when have the critical ischaemia)

19
Q

What the superficial veins in the leg

A

Great saphenous
Small saphenous
Dorsal and plantar veins

20
Q

What are the deep veins

A

External iliac vein
Deep femoral vein
Femoral vein
Popliteal vein

21
Q

How does the musculovenous pump help the veins

A

Outwards expansions of the muscles when they contract would be limited by the deep fascia. This would then lead to compression on the veins
Blood pumped up

22
Q

What happens to the musculovenous pump when you would have the incompetent valves

A

Decrease in venous pressure with leg movements is reduced
Blood can not efficiently move to the heart

23
Q

What would happen when there are incompetent valves in the perforator veins

A

High pressures by the calf contraction would push the blood from the superficial veins to the micro circulation in the skin

24
Q

What would cause the odema in the lower limbs

A

Venous and capillary hypertension
Also through the reflux and obstruction
Fluid would then be forced outwards

25
Q

What is lipodermatosclerosis

A

Fibrosis of the skin and the subcutaneous tissues
Legs look like an inverted champagne bottle

26
Q

What are the common clinical symptoms

A

Limb discomfort and pain
Restless legs
Itching
Pitting odema
Nocturnal leg cramps

27
Q

What are varicose veins

A

Dialated, elongated and tortuous superficial veins with a diameter above 3 mm
Idiopathic or secondary (from a DVT)

28
Q

What would be the main ulcerated areas effected by the PAD

A

heel of the foot
On the Malleoli
Anterior shin

29
Q

What would be the main areas of ulcerationby the venous issues

A

The lateral malleoli
The medial malleoli

30
Q

What would by the main ulcerated areas on a neuropathic issue

A

Under the metatarsal head
(Mainly the same areas as the PAD)

31
Q

What would compressibility show

A

If the veins do not compress when have the Doppler ultrasound move over them,would show the obstruction

32
Q

What are the non-invasive ways to manage venous disease

A

Avoid long periods of standing or sitting
Exercise
Weight loss
Compression stockings
Leg elevation
Skin care
Medications

Tp2. Cardiovascular System (13 decks)

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