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ANS 220 > Embryo development > Flashcards

Embryo development Flashcards

1
Q

xMitotic divisions with no increase in cell mass

A

cleavage

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2
Q

Capable of producing a complete individual

A

totipotency

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3
Q

Compact ball of cells of approximately equal size

A

morula

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4
Q

Cells have rearranged to have compartments

A

blastocyst

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5
Q

Gives rise to the embryo

A

inner cell mass

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6
Q

Gives rise to the placenta

A

trophectoderm

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7
Q

The fluid-filled cavity of a blastocyst

A

blastocoele

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8
Q

What does it mean for a blastocyst to hatch?

A

The zona pellucida is removed via enzymes produced by the trophoblasts, allowing for the expansion and attachment of the blastocyst

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9
Q

Fertilization of 2 ova resulting in non-identical twins

A

Dizygotic

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10
Q

Splitting of 1 ovum resulting in genetically identical twins

A

Monozygotic

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11
Q

When a blastocyst rearranges to form the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

A

Gastrulation

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12
Q

innermost pocket where fetus develops

A

Amnion

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13
Q

Combination of trophectoderm and mesoderm; becomes the outermost layer of the placenta and attaches to the metrium

A

Chorion

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14
Q

Direct communication to maternal blood

A

allantochorion

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15
Q

Waste receptacle

A

allantois

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16
Q

The process by which the conceptus signals its presence to the mother

A

maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP)

17
Q

MRP occurs between day __________ of the estrus cycle, before luteolysis

A

14-16

18
Q

2 methods of MRP

A

antiluteolytic and luteotropic

19
Q

MRP signal originates from the…

A

trophectoderm

20
Q

prevents or blocks luteolysis
ie blocks PGF release- estrone sulfate

A

antiluteolytic

21
Q

stimulates CL to continue function even in the face of PGF (ex. PGE and HCG)

A

luteotropic

22
Q

MRP signal acts directly on the…

A

endometrium and/or the ovary

23
Q

In ruminants, the MRP interferon tau acts as..

A

anti-luteolytic

24
Q

What are the Sows’ MRP? (2)

A

-E2 produced by the trophectoderm
-shift PGF to PGE and increase blood flow
(Both anti-luteolytic and luteotropic)

25
Q

What is the mare’s MRP?

A

Unknown; thought to be movement of embryo since knocking out interferon tau doesn’t affect anything

26
Q

In humans, HCG is ________ since it acts like LH

A

luteotropic

27
Q

How does an open/non-pregnant animal know they’re not pregnant?

A

Between days 14-16 of estrus, oxytocin increases and binds to receptors, causing smooth muscle contractions, and increasing PGF2a which kills CL’s present and decreases P4

28
Q

Generally, how does MRP work in a pregnant animal?

A

Between days 14-16, oxytocin is unable to bind its receptors due to the specific MRP signal (species variations), so SM contractions decrease, PGF2a decreases so the CL continues to live, increase P4 and maintain a pregnancy

29
Q

How does MRP work in a pregnant sow?

A

-at least 3 piglets = needed to produce enough E2 (MRP)
-E2 = a vasodilator, and changes the direction of blood flow which diverts PGF2a to the uterus where it degrades instead of reaching any CLs present on the ovaries

30
Q

Initial sticky attachment between the placenta and embryo

A

immobilization

31
Q

Intimate contact of the developing embryo with the uterine mucosa

A

implantation

32
Q

The embryo sits on top of the endometrium
-ex. ruminants, equine, sows

A

Non-invasive type placenta

33
Q

Trophoblast cells produce enzymes that allow the embryo to burrow into the endometrium
-ex. primates, rodents, cats, dogs

A

Invasive type placenta

34
Q

The blastocoele of the blastocyst becomes the _____ of the developing embryo

A

yolk sac

35
Q

protein hormone of pregnancy in ruminants and humans that acts like growth hormone

A

placental lactogen

36
Q

Prior to what day of gestation is a ewe’s pregnancy dependent on the presence of the corpus luteum?

A

Day 40

37
Q

Which of the following hormones is absolutely required for pregnancy to ensue in the mare?

a.Progesterone

b.Estrogen

c.Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin

d.Equine Chorionic gonadotropin

e.Placental lactogen

A

a. Progesterone

ANS 220 (6 decks)

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