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Biology > Unit 1 - AOS2 - Digestive system > Flashcards

Unit 1 - AOS2 - Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

3 points that make a mammal

A
  • Give birth to live young
  • Have the ability to produce milk to feed to young
  • have hair or fur
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2
Q

Autotroph

A

Create their own energy through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis (plants at the bottom of the ocean)

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3
Q

Heterotroph

A

Cannot create their own energy,
- Therefore, get their energy through consuming other autotrophs or heterotrophs

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4
Q

Herbivore

A

Eat plants
- Therefore eat a lot of cellulose (carbohydrate that forms plant cell walls)
- e.g. horse

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5
Q

Carnivore

A

Eat meat
- gut produces enzymes to break down protein (protease)
- e.g. dog

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6
Q

Omnivore

A

Eat both plants and animals
- Share features from herbivores and carnivores
- e.g. humans

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7
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Is broken down to glucose and stored as polysaccharide and glycogen in liver and muscles of animals
  • Glucose breaks down to produce ATP during cellular respiration
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8
Q

Fats

A
  • required for cell membrane, hormones and vitamin
  • excess fat is stored under the skin tissue and surrounding organs
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9
Q

Protein

A
  • Required for protein synthesis
  • Stored as amino acids
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10
Q

essential amino acids

A

the 9 amino acids that humans cannot make
- Found in milk, effs and meat and cannot be stored.

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11
Q

Vitamins

A
  • Organic (made from carbon and/or hydrogen and oxygen)
  • required to make particular enzymes
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12
Q

Minerals

A
  • inorganic
  • Obtained through diet (calcium, potassium, iron, magnesium, sodium)
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13
Q

Chemical digestion

A

uses enzymes which break down complex compounds into simple compounds

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14
Q

the 3 main kinds of digestive enzymes

A

Amylase:
- Act on carbohydrates (e.g. starch -> glucose)

Protease:
- Act on proteins

Lipase:
- Act on lipids

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15
Q

4 main roles of the digestive system

A
  1. Ingestion - eating or drinking nutrients
  2. Digestion - food is broken up mechanically or chemically.
  3. Absorption - taking up digested molecules into the internal environment of the cells in the digestive tract.
  4. Egestion - the removal of wastes from the body
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16
Q

Chemical digestion

A

food is broken through the actions of enzymes and is converted into a substance suitable for absorption.

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17
Q

what are secretory epithelial cells & name them

A
  • these cells are distributed through the digestive system depending on their function
  • A combination of these cells makes up the tissues found within our digestive system
  • Mucous cells
  • G cells
  • Parietal cells
  • Chief cells
  • Goblet cells
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18
Q

Mucous cells

A

secrete and alkaline mucus that protects the epithelium against shear stress and acid.

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19
Q

G cells

A

secrete gastrin which stimulates acid secretion

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20
Q

Parietal cells

A

secrete hydrochloric acid

21
Q

Chief cells

A

secrete protease’s (enzymes that break down protein)

22
Q

Goblet cells

A

secrete a mucous that protects the stomach lining from the acid

23
Q

Name the layers of the tissues in the intestinal wall

A
  1. Muscular layer - Outer layer (longitudinal layer)
    - Inner layer (circular layer)
  2. Submucosa
  3. Mucosa - muscularis mucosa
    - Lamina propria
    - Epithelium
  4. Villi (small intestine)
  5. Microvilli (small intestine)
24
Q

Mucosa

A

Inner most layer of the muscle wall (intestinal wall)
- Epithelium
- Lamina propria (underlying loose connective tissue layer)
- Muscularis mucosa (thin layer of smooth muscle)

25
Q

Submucosa

A

Is the thick layer of loose connective tissue that surrounds the mucosa

  • Contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves.
26
Q

Muscularis externa

A
  • smooth muscles responsible for movements of the digestive tract.
  • Inner and outer layer
27
Q

Villi

A

Tiny, finger-like projections that protrude from the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall.
- create a large SA:V ratio

  • Contains Micro villi (tiny hair-like structures)
28
Q

Function of the digestive system

A

responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients.

29
Q

Length of the digestive system

A

~30 feet (9m)

30
Q

the 3 things the mouth contains that help with digestive

A

1. Salivary glands
- produces water, mucus, and amylase
- 3 major glands (sublingual, submandibular, parotid)

2. Teeth
- Form of mechanical digestion
- Food is broken down into smaller pieces and mixed with saliva
Incisors: used for cutting and cropping
Canines: Used to hold and tear food
Premolars and molars: used for grinding and chewing

3. Tongue
- Pushes the food to the teeth and to the back of the throat

31
Q

Type of teeth Herbivores have

A
  • Incisors to cur food (these are often only on the lower haw)
  • Large ridged molars to grind food
32
Q

Type of teeth carnivores have

A
  • Small incisors
  • Large and sharp canines to tear meat off bones
33
Q

Type of teeth omnivores have

A
  • Molars that roll and crush a variety of foods
34
Q

Bolus

A

lump/ball of food

35
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

36
Q

Peristalsis

A

Muscles contractions that occur in the esophagus, that moves the bolus into the stomach

37
Q

Stomach

A

Organ that releases acids and enzymes to digest your food
- Completes both mechanical and chemical digestion

  • muscles twist and churn to mix food with acids and enzymes (mechanical digestion)
  • Hydrochloric acid (HCI) and pepsin break down the food
38
Q

coats the lining of the stomach to prevent acids and enzymes from self-digestion

A

Mucus

39
Q

Chyme

A

soupy fluid of partially digested food that exits the stomach into the small intestine

40
Q

Small intestine

A

location where nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream

  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
41
Q

Duodenum

A
  • Acid in chyme is neutralized by bicarbonate
  • Gall bladder (mixes bile with the chyme to aid breakdown of fats) and pancreas (mixes various enzymes to breakdown lipids, proteins, carbs and nucleic acids.
42
Q

Jejunum

A

Location here most nutrients are absorbed into the blood streams
- Villi and Microvilli

43
Q

Ileum

A

Absorbs various vitamins and remaining nutrients from the chyme

44
Q

Large intestine structure and function

A

Structure
1. Ascending colon
2. Transverse colon
3. Descending colon
4. Rectum
5. Anus

Function
- Extracts moisture from the chyme prior to removal from the body (diarrhea and constipation)
- Home to helpful bacteria
- Rectum: stores feces until elimination
- Anus: ring of muscles

45
Q

Accessory organs definition

A

An organ that helps with digestion but is not part of the digestive tract

46
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Releases bicarbonate to neutralize the acid from the stomach
  • Releases enzymes to further brake down peptides into amino acids and carbs into smaller sugars
47
Q

Liver

A
  • Processes the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine
  • Also detoxifies potentially harmful chemicals
  • Storage of excess carbs from glycogen
48
Q

Gall bladder

A
  • releases bile into small intestine
  • Bile breaks down large fat droplets into smaller droplets (mechanical digestion –> emulsification)
  • Along side this using chemical digestion enzymes break down fat droplets into glycerol and fatty acids
  • Aids in neutralising stomach acids

Biology (32 decks)

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