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VTNE Study Guide > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is AMDUCA?

A

Animal Medical Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994

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2
Q

What is ELDA?

A

Extra Label Drug Use

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3
Q

What is DMPK?

A

Drug Metabolism Pharmocokinetic Studies

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4
Q

What is FDA?

A

Food and Drug Administration

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5
Q

What is EPA?

A

Environmental Protection Agency

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6
Q

What is DATCP

A

Department of Agriculture Trade and Consumer Protection

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7
Q

What is FARAD?

A

Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank

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8
Q

What is VFD

A

Veterinary Feed Directive

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9
Q

Rounding Rules for SYringes

A

less than 1 round to 0.01 cc
1-6 Round to .1 cc
Greater than 6 round to 1 cc

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10
Q

What syringe do you use?

A

Use one no more than 10x the amount being administered

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11
Q

What is percentage solid solute

A

weight/volume

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12
Q

What is liquid percentage solute?

A

volume/volume

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13
Q

What are the suffixes for tranquilizers and sedative?

A

azine
az
dine

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14
Q

What are examples of tranquilizers and sedatives?

A

phenothiazene
Benzodiazepine
A2 Agonists -dine & xylazine

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15
Q

What are induction agents?

A

Barbiturates starting with thio and oxy
Dissociative anesthetics ending in mine
Miscellaneous such as propofol and guiafenesin

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16
Q

What do local anesthetics end in?

A

-caine such as lidocaine

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17
Q

What are examples of narcotics?

A

Butorphanol and Oxymorphone

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18
Q

What are examples of Opiods

A

Fentanyl
Codeine
Buprenorphine
Tramadol

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19
Q

What are the reversals of analgesics?

A

Naloxone
Nalorphine
Naltrexone

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20
Q

What are the receptors for analgesics and what do they affect?

A

mu -CNS, cough, respiratory decrease
kappa - spinal cord
delta - minimal animal effects

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21
Q

What is an emergency anti-convulsant?

A

Diazepam

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22
Q

What are maintenance anti-convulsants?

A

Pheonbarbital, primidone, Potassium bromide

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23
Q

What are the long term affects of phenobarbital?

A

PU/PD, hepatoxicity, Decreased CNS

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24
Q

What are CNS stimulants?

A

Yohimbine, Tolazoline
Atipamezole
Methylxanthines

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25
Q

What reverses Yohimbine and tolazoline

A

xylazine

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26
Q

What reverses medetomidine?

A

Atipamezole

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27
Q

What are anticholinergics?

A

atropine and glycopyrrolate

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28
Q

What is used for euthanasia?

A

pentobarbital sodium

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29
Q

What are the antibiotic classes of betta lactam?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Bacitracin

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30
Q

What is the mode of action for betta lactam abx?

A

Cellwall

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31
Q

What are the side effects of betta lacatam abx?

A

allergies

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32
Q

What is the abx that work on the cell membrane?

A

Polymixin B

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33
Q

What are the side effects of Polymixin B

A

Many

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34
Q

What are the abx that work by protein synthesis?

A

Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Macrolides
Lincosamides

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35
Q

What is the side of aminoglycosides?

A

Kidney/ototoxicity

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36
Q

What are the side effects of tetracycline?

A

affect bone/teeth

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37
Q

What is the side effect of chloramphenicol?

A

aplastic anemia

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38
Q

What species should macrolides never be used in?

A

Horses

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39
Q

What are the suffixes for aminoglycosides?

A

cidal
micin

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40
Q

What are the suffixes for macrolides?

A

mycin

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41
Q

What is the microanatomy of cardiovascular drugs?

A

Contractile Muscle Cells
Conduction Cells
Receptors

42
Q

What are the conduction cells?

A

Depolarization or firing and repolarization or resetting

43
Q

What does the p wave do?

A

activation of atria

44
Q

What does the QRS wave do?

A

activation of ventricles

45
Q

What does the t wave do?

A

Recovery wave

46
Q

What are thecardiovascular receptors?

A

cholinergic and andrengic

47
Q

What is the path of depolarization?

A

SA node, AV node, right and left Bundle of HIS, perkinje fibers, ventricular muscle cells

48
Q

What controls sinus rhythm?

A

SA node

49
Q

What is depolarization and repolarization do at a cellular level?

A

Charged ions such as Na+, K+, and Ca++ exchange places across a cell membrane

50
Q

In depolarization and repolarization what does the change in cellular charge do?

A

causes the cell to contract and sets off a wave of depolarization across the entire heart

51
Q

What is the resting state of the cell ?

A

The NaK ATPase Pump moves ions across cell membrane to polarize

52
Q

In cardio what is preload?

A

the pressure exerted on the ventricle wall by the load or volume of blood in the ventricles just before ventricular contraction

53
Q

In cardio what is a conduction Cell?

A

special cardiac cells that quickly pass along a depolarization wave throughout the the heart resulting in coordinated contraction

54
Q

In cardio, what is automaticity?

A

the ability of certain heat cells to depolarize spontaneously on their own

55
Q

What is the SA node?

A

pacemaker of the heart

56
Q

What is the P wave?

A

the part of the ECG that represents atrial depolarization

57
Q

What is the AV node?

A

the specialized structure throuh which depolarization waves in the atria must pass to get to the ventricles; it delays the depolarization wave as it passes

58
Q

What is the P-QRS Interval?

A

the part of the ECG that represents movement of the depolarization wave through the AV node

59
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

Part of the ECG that represents ventricular depolarization

60
Q

What is the T wave?

A

part of the ecg that represents ventricular repolarization

61
Q

Significance of potassium in cardio?

A

when a cardiac cell is in the resting polarized state, this ion is mostly concentrated on the inside of the cell

62
Q

Significance of sodium in cardio?

A

This ion ruses into the cardiac cell to initiate repolarization

63
Q

What is the Sodium-Potassium-ATPase pump?

A

the specialized pump that maintains concentrations of sodium and potassium in their respective locations during the polarized resting state

64
Q

What is the significance of calcium in cardio?

A

the influx of this ion produces the plateau phase of cardiac muscle cell depolarization

65
Q

What is arrythmia?

A

any abnormal or irregular heart rhythm

66
Q

What is the signifcance of epinephrine and norepinephrine in cardio

A

two catecholamines released by the sympathetic nervous system that produces its effect

67
Q

What is the significance of B1 in cardio

A

stimulation of this receptor increases heart rate

68
Q

What is the significance of cholinergic or muscarinic

A

stimulation of this receptor slows heart rate

69
Q

What is the significance of B2 in cardio

A

stimulation of this receptor causes bronchodilation

70
Q

What is A1?

A

stimulation of this receptor causes peripheral vasoconstriction

71
Q

What is ectopic focus in cardio?

A

this is a site of depolarization in the heart that is other than on the normal conduction pathway sequence

72
Q

What is premature ventricular contraction PCV?

A

large bizarre looking wave on the ECG caused by some cell in the ventricles depolarizing on its own out of sequence and disrupting normal ventricular depolarization

73
Q

What is a 1st degree AV block?

A

abnormality seen on ECG as a prolongation of the PR interval representing a decreased conduction of the depolarization wave through the AV node

74
Q

What is the suffix -olol

A

often indicates drug is a B-blocker or B1 antagonist antiarrythmic drug

75
Q

What is upregulation?

A

the process by which cardiac cells become less sensitive to the effects of b-blocker antiarrythmics

76
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

these detect changes in atrial blood pressure

77
Q

What is renin-angiotensin system?

A

this system helps regulate arterial blood pressure, water, and electrolytes through is action on the kidney and peripheral blood vessels

78
Q

What is angiotensin?

A

the body’s most potent vasoconstrictor converted to its active form by ACE or angiotensin converting enzyme

79
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

the hormone that regulates the sodium reabsorption from the urine

80
Q

What is a venodilator?

A

The term applied to drugs that selectively dilate veins

81
Q

What is a diuretic?

A

term applied to drughs that can cause increased production of urine

82
Q

What is lidocaine in cardio?

A
  1. Antiarrythmic drug that acts by blocking the sodium channels
  2. Drug of choice for control of ventricular ectopic foci
  3. Must be given IV
  4. Not effective PO because of GI irritation and first pass effect
83
Q

What is mexiletine?

A
  1. Orally administered sodium channel blocker
  2. Antiarrythmic that is used to treat ventricular arrythmias
  3. Minimal first pass effect
  4. Typically available as a compound drug
84
Q

What is propanolol?

A

nonspecific prototype B1 antagonist antiarrythmic drug

85
Q

What is atenolol?

A

antiarrythmics that are more specific for b1 receptors than the non-specific prototype b-blocker

86
Q

WHat is atenolol also known as?

A

esmolol, metoprolol, carvedilol

87
Q

What are verapamil and diltiazem?

A

calcium channel blocker that is an antiarrythmic

88
Q

What is digoxin?

A

Used as an antiarrythmic only to slow conduction the the AV node causing a 1st or 2nd degree av block by reducing the ventricular contraction rates in animals with atrial fibrillation

89
Q

What is dobutamine?

A

epineprhine or norepinephrine
positive inotropic drug used only for short periods of times because of the downregulation effect

90
Q

What is pimobendan?

A

inodialator

91
Q

What is amlodipine?

A

calcium channel blocker arterial visodilator used in cats for hypertension caused by renal disease, hyperthyroidism, or diabetes mellitus

92
Q

What is hydralazine?

A

direct arterial vasodilator used to relieve signs of CHF caused by mitral valve disease or used when ACE inhibitors fail to adequately control clinical signs of heart failure on their own

93
Q

WHat is nitroglycerin?

A

venous vasodilator applied as a cream

94
Q

What is enalapril aka?

A

captopril, benazepril, lisinopril

95
Q

What is enalapril?

A

mixed vasodilator quite commonly used to treat dogs exhibiting clinical signs of cardiac disease; ace inhibitor

96
Q

What is furosemide?

A

loop diuretic

97
Q

What is chlorothiazide?

A

diuretics that works on the distal convoluted tubule to block sodium reabsorption; not as strong as loop diuretics

98
Q

WHat is spironolacone-potassium

A

Sparing diuretic

99
Q

What is aspirin used for in cardio?

A

reduce spontaneous clot formation

100
Q

What is upregulation?

A

process of increasing a response to a stimulus specifically incrase of receptors on the cells surface

101
Q

What is downregulation?

A

process by which a cell decreases the quantity of a cellular component

VTNE Study Guide (4 decks)

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