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Embryology > Testis, and Spermatogenesis > Flashcards

Testis, and Spermatogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

The straight seminiferous tubules open into …………..

A

Rere testis

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2
Q

Leydig cells are contained in ……………..

A

The connective tissue in which seminiferous tubules are embedded contains the interstitial cells of Leydig

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3
Q

…………………. cells are the source of testosterone

A

Leydig cells

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4
Q

Mention the two elements of the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules

A

spermatogenic cells
supportive cells/sustentacular cells of Sertoli

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5
Q

………………… provide mechanical support, protection and probably nutrition for the developing germ cells

A

Sustentacular cells of Sertoli

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6
Q

Define spermatogenesis

A

The entire sequence of events leading to transformation of germ cells into spermatozoa (sperms)

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7
Q

Spermatogenesis is divided into ………..

A

spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis

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8
Q

What is spermacytogenesis?

A

The process by which germ cells or spermatogonia become spermatocytes

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9
Q

Outline the sequence of events in spermacytogenesis

A
  • The sex cords acquire lumen and become the seminiferous tubules
  • The primordial germ cells give rise to spermatogonia.

The spermatogonia formed are of two types; Type A and Type B spermatogonia

  • Type A spermatogonia divide by mitosis to provide a continuous reserve of stem cells
  • Some Type A cells give rise to successive and progressively more differentiated generations of type A spermatogonia. The generations range from 4 to 7
  • Type B spermatogonia form on completion of the last generation/division of the type A cells
  • Secondary spermatocytes are formed by primary spermatocytes after 22 days in prophase and rapid completion of meiotic 1 division
  • Spermatids form after second meiotic division of the secondary spermatocytes
  • spermiogenesis occurs and and spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa
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10
Q

Both secondary spermatocytes and spermatids are haploid cells, true or false

A

True

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11
Q

The daughter cells of spermatogonia up to spermatids are connected by ……………… due to incomplete division of the cytoplasm

A

Intercellular bridges

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12
Q

………… cells assist in the release of mature spermatozoa

A

Sertoli

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13
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

The differentiation process that leads to the transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa

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14
Q

Spermatogonia, up to spermatozoa are embedded in deep recess of Sertoli cells, true or false

A

False
Only spermatogonia, up to spermatids are embedded in deep recess of Sertoli cells

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15
Q

Outline the changes that occur in spermiogenesis

A
  • Formation of acrosome
  • Condensation of nucleus into a dense mass (head)
  • Formation of neck, middle piece and end piece
  • Shedding of most of the cytoplasm
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16
Q

In humans, how long does it take for a spermatogonium to develop into a mature spermatozoon or mature sperm

A

it takes about 74 days

17
Q

Sertoli cells are also called ………..

A

sustentacular cell

18
Q

Shortly before puberty, the sex cords acquire a lumen and become the ………………..

A

Seminiferous tubules.

19
Q

………….. covers half of the nuclear surface and contains enzymes that assist in penetration of the egg and its surrounding layers during fertilization

A

Acrosome

20
Q

Most of the cytoplasm as residual bodies that are phagocytized by …………….

A

Sertoli cells

21
Q

………………… forms the acrosomal cap

A

Golgi apparatus

22
Q

……………… moves towards one pole of the cell to form the head of the spermatozoon.

A

the nucleus

23
Q

How is the axial filament formed?

A

One of the centrioles (formed from the division of the centrosome) becomes spherical and moves towards the posterior end of nucleus to occupy the neck region. It gives rise to the axial filament.

24
Q

How is the annulus formed?

A

The other centriole (formed from the division of the centrosome) moves away from the first centriole and becomes ring shaped. It forms an annulus/ring around the distal end of the middle piece through which axial filament passes.

25
Q

Describe the middle piece

A

The part of the axial filament between the neck and annulus becomes surrounded by the mitochondria, and together with them forms the middle piece.

26
Q

How many spermatozoa is formed from one primary spermatocyte?

A

One primary spermatocyte gives rise to 4 spermatozoa

27
Q

What is the use of the polar body in oogenesis?

A

The polar body is used to get rid of the unwanted chromosomes

28
Q

Describe the processes of formation of the ovarian follicle

A
  • Some cells of the stroma become flattened and surround the oocyte
  • The flattened cells form the ovarian follicle and are called follicular cells
  • The primary oocytes, surrounded by the layers of the flat epithelial (follicular) cells and are primordial follicles
  • A layer of glycoproteins appears between oocyte and follicular cells, it is called the zona pellucida
  • The follicular cell proliferate and form several layers called granulosa cells (membrana granulosa)
  • A cavity (antrum) appears within the granulosa forming a follicle
  • The cavity of the follicle increases in size and the wall of the follicle becomes thin
  • The oocyte now lies eccentrically surrounded by granulosa cells called cumulus oophorus
  • Cells that attach it to the wall of the follicle is called discus proligerus
  • As the follicles expands, the stromal cells surrounding the granulosa organize into an inner layer of secretory cells (theca interna) that secretes oestrogen and an outer fibrous capsule (theca externa).
29
Q

What is referred to as the zona pellucida?

A

A layer of glycoproteins appears between the oocyte and follicular cells

30
Q

The follicular cell proliferate and form several layers called …………………

A

Membrana granulosa/granulosa cells

31
Q

What is an antrum?

A

A cavity that appears within the granulosa

32
Q

Outline the characteristics of the human semen

A
  • It consists of sperms produced by seminiferous tubules of testes and secretion of seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulboure- thral glands.
  • The average volume of ejaculate is 2.5–3.5 ml.
  • Semen has a pH of 7.35–7.5
  • Average sperm count of semen is 100 million per ml.
  • It is white and opalescent.
  • The approximate contribution by various reproductive glands is as under:
    • Seminalvesicles:60%
    • Prostate:30%
    • Testes:5%
    • Bulbourethral glands: 5%
  • The milky secretion of the prostate gland is alkaline in nature and neutralizes the acidic pH of the vagina.
  • The enzymes of prostatic secretion break down the coagulated proteins secreted by seminal vesicles and make the semen more liquid
33
Q

The movement of sperms is best at pH of ……..

A

6–6.5

34
Q

The absence e of motile or viable sperm is referred to as ……

A

Azoospermia

Embryology (13 decks)

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