Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

what covalent bonds are found in an alkane?

A

sigma bonds

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2
Q

what is a sigma bond?

A

a direct overlap of the s orbitals

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3
Q

what is the bond angle in all alkanes?

A

109.5 degrees

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4
Q

effect of increasing chain length on boiling point

A

increasing carbon chain length increases the surface area
means more contact points for London forces
more London forces mean a stronger attraction between molecules which require more energy to overcome

HIGHER BP

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5
Q

effect of increased branching on boiling point

A

increased branching means fewer contact points for London forces
fewer London forces means weaker attraction which requires less energy to overcome

LOWER BP

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6
Q

why is there a lack of reactivity in alkanes?

A

the C-C and C-H bonds are strong
alkanes are all non-polar

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7
Q

what is the mechanism by which alkanes react with halogens?

A

radical substitution

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8
Q

what are the three stages of radical substitution?

A

initiation
propagation
termination

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9
Q

what are the two limitations of radical substitution?

A

further substitution
substitution at different points along the carbon chain

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10
Q

substitution at different points along the carbon chain

A

RS will produce a mixture of mono-substituted haloalkanes as the halogen can be bonded to any carbon along the carbon chain

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11
Q

further substitution

A

RS can continue to occur as it is a chain reaction which can lead to all hydrogen atoms being substituted

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