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Ruminant Final > Camelids > Flashcards

Camelids Flashcards

1
Q

What species are camelids?

A

Llamas, camels, vicuna, guanaco, alpaca

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2
Q

How can you differentiate a llama from an alpaca?

A

Llamas have banana shaped ears, rougher fur, and are much bigger
Alpacas have small ears and are smaller with finer fur

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3
Q

How many cervical vertebra do camelids have?

A

Same as others- 7

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4
Q

What neck injuries are common in male camelids?

A

Cervical fractures, luxations, and subluxations (due to fighting)

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5
Q

How do camelid faces differ from other ruminants?

A

They have tactile lips, bulgey eyes, and their nasal bone ends high on their face

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6
Q

How do fighting teeth differ in intact males vs. females/geldings?

A

Better developed in intact males, develop earlier (compared to 4-6y in females/geldings)

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7
Q

What is the dental formula for camelids?

A

I (1/3), C (1/1), PM (1-2/1-2), M (3/3)

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8
Q

How many compartments do camelid stomachs have?

A

3

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9
Q

Describe the camelid stomach compartments

A

C1- fermentation vat, similar to rumen, 3-4 contractions/min
C2- tiny sac with mixed function, similar to reticulum and omasum, moves feedstuff towards C3
C3- long tubular structure similar to abomasum, enzymatic digestion, prone to ulcers

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10
Q

What direction do camelids urinate in?

A

Backwards (pee goes behind them)

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11
Q

What are camelid feet called?

A

Slippers

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12
Q

What shape are camelid erythrocytes and why?

A

Elliptical shaped; due to their oxygen carrying ability because of their high elevation

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13
Q

What needs to be considered when looking at camelid bloodwork?

A

Some analyzers won’t interpret results for them and the reference ranges are set at sea level

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14
Q

What is the most common leukocyte in camelids?

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

What are the normal TPR parameters for camelids?

A

T- 99.5-102 F
P- 40-70bpm
R- 20-40bpm
C1 contractions- 3-5/min

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16
Q

Ears back and tails up indicates what in a camelid?

A

Aggression

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17
Q

What vaccines are used in camelids?

A

CD/T vaccine
Rabies if around humans
7 way tetanus
Other less common- equine herpesvirus 1, lepto, BVDV, WNV, EEE

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18
Q

Where should you perform an IV injection on the neck of a camelid?

A

Close to the ramus of the mandible as to avoid the artery

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19
Q

Where should you perform a subcutaneous injection in a camelid?

A

Axillary region- area with no fiber

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20
Q

Where should you perform an IM injection in a camelid?

A

The “golden triangle” in the neck or in the triceps

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21
Q

What are the routine procedures done in camelids?

A

Feet trimming, castration, fighting teeth removal, microchip

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22
Q

Describe the basic nutrition for camelids

A

Eat ~2% body weight in dry matter daily, lots of roughage, need higher energy and protein during gestation and lactation

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23
Q

When do ovaries develop in female camelids?

A

10-12 months old

24
Q

What kind of ovulators are camelids?

A

Induced, need male to mate

25
Q

When do male camelids start to produce sperm?

A

14 months old

26
Q

Why do male camelids have difficulty/inability to mate until they are 30 months old?

A

They haven’t reached full sexual maturity and the preputial adhesions haven’t finished breaking down yet

27
Q

How is pregnancy diagnosed in camelids?

A

Test with male (unreceptive), blood test for progesterone, ultrasound (detection around 2 months)

28
Q

Which horn of the uterus do most camelid pregnancies occur in?

A

Left horn

29
Q

Describe the 3 stages of criation

A

Stage 1- 1-6 hours
Stage 2- rapid (30min), usually in early morning, delivery
Stage 3- pass placenta, lasts 2-4 hours

30
Q

When can camelids be bred again after criation?

A

14-21 days

31
Q

What ear problems occur in camelids?

A

Otitis- externa to interna
Spinose ear tick

32
Q

How are otitis and ear ticks treated in camelids?

A

Ivermectin in ear for tick, antibiotics, ear cleaning, and possibly surgical debridement

33
Q

How is otitis diagnosed in camelids?

A

Radiographs, CT

34
Q

Are older or younger camelids more prone to megaesophagus?

A

Older

35
Q

What are the clinical signs of megaesophagus?

A

Hypersalivation, regurgitation, recurrent bloat or choke, weight loss

36
Q

How is megaesophagus diagnosed?

A

Radiographs

37
Q

How is megaesophagus treated?

A

Antibiotics for aspiration pneumonia, elevated feeding with small volumes

38
Q

What are the clinical signs of C3 ulcers in camelids?

A

Inappetence, colic, depression, legs out to the side

39
Q

How do you diagnose C3 ulcers in camelids?

A

Response to treatment may be diagnostic, scope can’t reach C3

40
Q

How are C3 ulcers treated in camelids?

A

Parenteral pantoprazole, reduce stress

41
Q

What are the clinical signs of heat stress in camelids?

A

Tachycardia, tachypnea, redness/skin swelling, dehydration, CNS effects, reproductive effects, DIC

42
Q

How is heat stress treated in camelids?

A

Shear their fiber, soak in alcohol, provide water bath, supportive care (IVF, O2)

43
Q

What is the primary host of the meningeal worm?

A

White tailed deer

44
Q

What is the name of the meningeal worm?

A

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

45
Q

What are the clinical signs of meningeal worm in camelids?

A

Multifocal and asymmetrical neurological deficits- gait abnormalities, recumbency, cranial nerve deficits

46
Q

How is meningeal worm infection diagnosed in camelids?

A

CSF tap with eosinophil (no eosinophil does not mean no worm)

47
Q

How are meningeal worms treated/prevented?

A

Ivermectin or fenbendazole, NSAIDs for comfort if already infected

48
Q

What species of mycoplasma affects camelids?

A

Mycoplasma haemolamae

49
Q

How is mycoplasma transmitted in camelids?

A

Insect vectors, contaminated needles, transplacental spread

50
Q

What are the clinical signs of mycoplasma in camelids?

A

Usually asymptomatic, stressed or immunosuppressed animals may have anemia, lethargy, depression, and fever

51
Q

How is mycoplasma diagnosed in camelids?

A

Blood smear (must be read immediately), PCR

52
Q

How is mycoplasma treated in ruminants?

A

Treat with long acting tetracycline

53
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of hypernatremic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome

A

Hyperglycemia occurs -> glucosuria -> osmotic diuresis -> hypernatremia due to water loss -> decreased water volume -> hyperosmolar -> neuro signs

54
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypernatremic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome

A

Lethargy, anorexia, hyperthermia, tremors, seizures, ataxia, wide based stance

55
Q

How is hypernatremic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome treated?

A

Treat underlying condition (sepsis, meningeal worm), rehydrate, provide insulin

56
Q

What is a common defect found in crias?

A

Choanal atresia- failure of choanae to open, present in respiratory distress with open mouth breathing, recommend euthanasia

Ruminant Final (12 decks)

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