Plant Evolution Pt. 1

Question 1

What is the structure of byrophytes?

Answer 1

Never have roots, contain rhizoids, simple leaves and stems are non-vascular

Question 2

What is the structure of filicinophytes?

Answer 2

Vascular roots, leaves & non-woody stems

Question 3

What is the structure of conferophytes? (TNT)

Answer 3

Trees or shrubs with woody vascular tissues, narrow leaves with thick waxy cuticle

Question 4

What is the structure of angiospermophytes?

Answer 4

Roots, leaves and stems, vascular tissue, some stems are herbaceous others woody

Question 5

What adaptations of vascular plants has helped their success on land?

Answer 5

Roots stems and leaves. Structural support to stand on land. Vascular system. Pollen reduces water usage

Question 6

Draw and label the distribution of tissues in the stem

Answer 6

Refer to image

Question 7

Explain the relationship between the distribution of tissues in the leaf and the functions of these tissues

Answer 7

Epidermis on the outside: Stomata on underside of leaf; allows exchange of gases

Ground tissue: palisade parenchyma = site of most photosynthesis. Spongy parenchyma =
gases circulate.

Vascular tissue: branches into leaf traces for support and improved transport of water/nutrients

Question 8

What are three characteristics of monocotyledonous plants?

Answer 8

embryos have one cotyledon, leaf has veins that are usually parallel, stems are vascular bundles usually complexly arranged

Question 9

What are three characteristics of dicotyledonous plants? (TNR)

Answer 9

embryos have two cotyledons, leaves have veins that are usually netlike, and stems are vascular bundles usually arranged in a ring

Question 10

What is the function of apical meristems in dicots?

Answer 10

Allow plant to grow in length and serves as the primary growth

Question 11

What is the function of lateral meristems in dicots?

Answer 11

Allows the plant to grow in girth (stems in woody plants) serves as the secondary growth

Question 12

Explain the role of auxin in phototropism as an example of the control of plant growth

Answer 12

Promotes elongation and forces stem to grows towards light

Question 13

What is a storage organ?

Answer 13

A storage organ is a part of a plant specifically modified to store energy (e.g. carbohydrates) or water

Question 14

Where are the storage organs in plants found?

Answer 14

They are usually found underground (better protection from herbivores) and may result from modifications to roots, stems or leaves:

Question 15

What is a storage root?

Answer 15

Modified roots that store water or food (e.g. carrots)

Question 16

What are stem tubers?

Answer 16

Horizontal underground stems that store carbohydrates (e.g. potato)

Question 17

What are bulbs?

Answer 17

Modified leaf bases (may be found as underground vertical shoots) that contain layers called scales (e.g. onion)

Question 18

How do succulents enable water storage?

Answer 18

modified leaves or stems (thickened, fleshy and wax-covered) to enable water storage

Question 19

How do other plants modify to support climbing and attachment?

Answer 19

They have tendrils which enable climbing and attatchment

Question 20

Outline four adaptations of xerophytes

Answer 20

small or compound leaves, deep root systems, spines, waxy cuticle development, and a variety of stomata adaptations.

Question 21

State the significance of thickened cellulose in terrestrial plants

Answer 21

Thickening of the cell wall provides extra structural support

Question 22

State the significance of cell turgor in terrestrial plants

Answer 22

Increased hydrostatic pressure within the cell exerts pressure on the cell wall, making cells turgid

Question 23

State the significance of lignified xylem in terrestrial plants

Answer 23

Xylem vessels run the length of the stem and branches, lignification of these vessels provides extra support

Question 24

Explain how the root system provides a large surface area for mineral ion and water uptake

Answer 24

Plants take in water and essential minerals through their roots; thus need a large surface area in order to optimize the uptake. The ‘extensive’ branching of the roots and the growth of root hairs allows for the plant to increase its mineral ion absorption and surface area of water.

Question 25

List three ways in which mineral ions in the soil move to the root

Answer 25

Diffusion, mass flow, and fungal hyphae