Chap 4 - Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

appendages that receive signals from other cells

A

Dendrites

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2
Q

where the cell body transitions to the axon, and where action potentials are initiated

A

Axon hillock

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3
Q

occurs via neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic cell and the binding of these neurotransmitters to the postsynaptic cell

A

Chemical communication

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4
Q

occurs via ion exchange and generation of membrane potentials down length of the axon

A

Electrical communication

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5
Q

highly specialized cells responsible for conduction of impulses

A

Neurons

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6
Q

long appendage down which an action potential travel

A

Axon

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7
Q

location of the nucleus as well as organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

A

Soma

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8
Q

is the end of the axon from which neurotransmitters are released

A

Synaptic bouton

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9
Q

are exposed areas of myelinated axons that permit saltatory conduction

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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10
Q

consists of the nerve terminal of the presynaptic neuron, the membrane of the postsynaptic cell, and space between the two

A

Synapse

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11
Q

space between the nerve terminal of the presynaptic neuron and the membrane of the postsynaptic cell

A

Synaptic cleft

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12
Q

An insulating substance that prevents signal loss and coats many axons

A

Myelin

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13
Q

create myelin in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

create myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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15
Q

formed by bundle of multiple neurons in the PNS

A

nerves

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16
Q

formed by bundle of multiple axons in the CNS

A

tracts

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17
Q

Mass of INDIVIDUAL neuron cell bodies w/in a tract in the CNS

A

nuclei

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18
Q

Mass of neuron cell bodies of the same type w/in a nerve in the PNS

A

ganglia

19
Q

Cells that support neurons; includes Astrocytes, microglia, etc.

A

Glial Cells

20
Q

Nourish neurons and form blood-brain barrier, which controls transmission of solutes from bloodstream into nervous tissue

A

Astrocytes

21
Q

line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid, which physically supports the brain and serves as a shock absorber

A

Ependymal cells

22
Q

Phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in the CNS

A

Microglia

23
Q

neural structure that initiates the action potential

A

axon hillock

24
Q

What maintains resting membrane potential and what is the approximate voltage

A

Na+/Ka+ ATPase and -70mV

25
Q

continuously pumps potassium into the cell and sodium out of the cell

A

Na+/Ka+ ATPase

26
Q

cause depolarization of the neuron

A

excitatory signals

27
Q

cause polarization of the neuron

A

inhibitory signals

28
Q

integration of multiple signals near each other in time

A

temporal summation

29
Q

addition of multiple signals near each other in space

A

spatial summation

30
Q

is used to propagate signals down to the axon

A

action potential

31
Q

Value at which action potential is triggered if axon hillock receives enough excitatory input to be depolarized

A

threshold voltage

32
Q

strong ______ promotes migration of sodium into cell

A

electrochemical gradient

33
Q

Restoration of the resting membrane in neurons from being depolarized by active and passive processes

A

repolarization

34
Q

raising membrane potential, Vm, from its resting potential

A

depolarization

35
Q

lowering membrane potential, Vm, from its resting potential

A

hyperpolarization

36
Q

Window where axon is hyperpolarized

A

refractory period

37
Q

Window where cell requires a larger than normal stimulus to fire an action potential

A

relative refractory period

38
Q

Window where cell is unable to fire another action potential

A

absolute refractory period

39
Q

Ion responsible for fusion of neurotransmitter vesicles with the nerve terminal membrane

A

Calcium

40
Q

Enzymatic degradation, reuptake or diffusion results in:

A

halting of neurotransmitter’s action

41
Q

Sodium channel opens first at ___ mV; is regulated by _____ and causes ____

A

-50; inactivation; depolarization

42
Q

Potassium channel opens second at ___ mV; is regulated by _____ and causes ____ then ____

A

+35; closing at low potentials; repolarization then hyperpolarization

43
Q

______ neurons Ascend in the spiral cord toward the brain
______ neurons Exit the spinal cord on their way to the rest of the body

A

Afferent
Efferent