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A+P 1 > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

A

 total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture
 the partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its percentage in the mixture

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2
Q

Henry’s Law

A

-when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
-the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid also depends upon its solubility

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3
Q

Solubility and p. pressure of key gases in respiration

A
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4
Q

CO2 in respiration

A
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5
Q

Percentage of O2 saturation in various places in the body

A
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6
Q

Percentage of CO2 in various places in the body

A
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7
Q

the amount of gas reaching the alveoli

A

ventilation

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8
Q

the VENOUS blood flow reaching the alveoli

A

perfusion

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9
Q

in other words, the best perfusion ideally goes to the alveoli that have the best ventilation at any given moment

A

ventilation-perfusion coupling

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10
Q

if PCO2 in alveoli is high

A

 dilate the bronchioles servicing those alveoli  constrict the CO2 loaded blood vessels [arterioles]

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11
Q

if PCO2 in alveoli is low

A

 constrict the bronchioles servicing those alveoli  dilate the CO2 loaded blood vessels [arterioles]

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12
Q

In internal respiration, pressure and diffusion gradents are

A

reversed from external

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13
Q

PO2 in tissues is always _____ than the systemic arterial blood

A

Lower

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14
Q

BLANK carries oxygen in blood

A

hemoglobin

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15
Q

Each hemoglobin binds how many oxygen molecules?

A

4

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16
Q

the hemoglobin-oxygen combination is called

A

oxyhemoglobin

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17
Q

hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called

A

reduced or deoxyhemoglobin

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18
Q

when all four hemes of the molecule are bound to oxygen

A

saturated hemoglobin

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19
Q

when one to three hemes are bound to oxygen

A

partially saturated hemoglobin

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20
Q

Max saturation of O2 in blood

A

98%

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21
Q

How much O2 in blood?

A

20% by volume, 20ml per 100ml of blood.

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22
Q

How much O2 is released as blood flows thru capillaries?

A

5ml

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23
Q

How much oxugen is unloaded during one systemic circulation?

A

20-25%

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24
Q

Factors that increase O2 unload from Hb are higher in lungs or tissues?

A

Tissues

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25
Q

biproduct of RBC metabolism that helps unload Os from Hb

A

2,3-biphosphoglycerate

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26
Q

can 2,3BPG bind to HbF(etal)?

A

No

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27
Q

cells metabilizing glucose, ^ CO2 and H+, causing acidosis (v pH), weakening of Hb O2 bond

A

Bohr effect

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28
Q

Working tissues increase factors that make O2 offloading easier

A

yes

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29
Q

NO

A
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30
Q

N2O

A
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31
Q

Hb is a

A

vasoconstricter and NO scavenger

32
Q

Deoxygenated Hb picks up

A

CO2 and NO and carries them to lungs for offloading

33
Q

70% of CO2 is transported in the blood as

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

34
Q

reversibly catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid in RBCs.

A

Carbonic anhydrase

35
Q
A
36
Q

at the tissues

to counterbalance the outrush of negative bicarbonate ions from the RBCs, chloride ions [Cl–] move from the plasma into the erythrocytes

A

Chloride shift

37
Q

at the lungs

Chloride shift is reversed

A

bicarboniate binds with hydrogen to make carbonic acid, thats split by carbonic anhydrase into CO2 and water, and COs diffuses from blood into alveoli and exhaled.

38
Q

the lower the PO2 and hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, the more carbon dioxide can be carried in the blood

A

Haldane effect

39
Q

As more CO2 enter BL, more O2 dissociates from Hb

A

Bohr effect

40
Q

The more O2 dissassociates from HB

A

more CO2 combines with Hb, more bicarbonate ions formed

41
Q

relationship b/t tissue and pulmonary activity

A

reversed

42
Q

Pacesetting respiratory center

A

DRG (dorsal respiratory group)

43
Q

Continuously inhibits the inspiration center

A

pontine respiratory group

44
Q

irritants promote reflexive ______ of air passages

A

constriction

45
Q

stretch receptors in the lungs are stimulated by lung
inflation [prevent over-inflation]

A

inflation reflex [Hering-Breuer]

46
Q

example: breath holding that occurs in anger

A

hypothalamic controls act through the limbic system to modify rate and depth of respiration

47
Q

examples: voluntary breath holding, taking a deep breath

A

cortical controls are direct signals from the cerebral motor cortex that bypass medullary controls

48
Q

carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses into the

A

cerebrospinal fluid where it is hydrated

49
Q

rise in CO2 is called

A

hypercapnia

50
Q

control of breathing at rest is regulated by the

A

hydrogen ion concentration in the brain

51
Q

slow and shallow breathing due to abnormally low PCO2
levels

A

hypocapnia

52
Q

breathing cessation

A

apnea

53
Q

arterial oxygen levels are monitored by the

A

aortic and carotid bodies

54
Q

if carbon dioxide is not removed [e.g., as in emphysema and chronic bronchitis]

A

chemoreceptors become unresponsive to PCO2 chemical stimuli

55
Q

even if carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal

A

changes in arterial pH can modify respiratory rate

56
Q

Nerve involved in peripheral chemoreception

A

CN IX, pharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve

57
Q

During vigorous excercise, what changes

A

breathing becomes deeper and more vigorous, but RATE doesnt change as much as you might think

58
Q

COPD

A

Chropnic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

59
Q

Two examples of COPD

A

chronic bronchitis, obstructive emphysema

60
Q

Blue Bloater

A

chronic bronchitis

61
Q

a persistent cough that produces sputum
for at least three months in two consecutive years

A

chronic bronchitis, decrease in O2, increase in CO2

62
Q

chronic bronchitis caused by

A

chronic irritation of inhaled substances and microbial infections

63
Q

Pink Puffer

A

emphysema

64
Q

loss of elasticity of the lung tissue; destruction of structures supporting the alveoli; and destruction of capillaries feeding the alveoli

A

emphysema

65
Q

who gets mysterious clubbing of fingertips?

A

pink puffers

66
Q

characterized by dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness  active inflammation of the airways precedes bronchospasms
[bronchoconstriction]

A

Asthma

67
Q

episodic reversible bronchoconstriction

A

bronchial asthma

68
Q

infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

tuberculosis

69
Q

Recieve

A
70
Q

Tx for TB

A

6-12 months of antibiotics

71
Q

historical names of TB

A

white plague, consumption

72
Q

What percent ofallpatientswithlungcancerweresmokers

A

90%

73
Q

Lung cancer accounts for how many of cancer deaths in US

A

1/3

74
Q

[20-40% of cases] arises in bronchial epithelium

A

squamous cell carcinoma

75
Q

[25-35% of cases] originates in peripheral lung area

A

adenocarcinoma

76
Q

[20-25% of cases] contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in the primary bronchi and subsequently metastasize

A

small cell carcinoma

77
Q

Review the laws!

A

A+P 1 (12 decks)

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