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2017 Semester 1 > 2017 Microbiology - Prions, DNA Viruses and Diseases > Flashcards

2017 Microbiology - Prions, DNA Viruses and Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Understand the PrP gene, PrPc protein and what changes take place in protein structure to cause disease

A

PrP found on chromosome 20
creates the protein PrPc which undergoes gylcosylation to become PrPsc -> structural change from a-helix to b-sheet.
B-sheet forms peptide aggregates to make amyloid fibrils

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2
Q

What is the difference between horizontal and vertical transmission?

A

Horizontal - one person to another via contact (ingestion, transplant, etc.)

Vertical - familial cases, prior gene

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3
Q

What are some examples of acquired prion diseases and examples of inherited prion diseases?

A

Acquired:

  • Kuru
  • Crutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
  • Variant CJD

Inherited:

  • Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease (GSS)
  • Fatal familial insomina
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4
Q

Characteristics of PARVOVIRUS and example disease

A

Linear ssDNA
icosahedral
naked
smallest DNA virus

Erythrovirus B19

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5
Q

Erythrovirus B19 (Parvoviridae) Transmission, Pathology, Disease, Dx.

A

TRANS: respiratory droplets or transplacental, Nasopharynx -> bone marrow, kills erythroid precursors
PATH: 1. Viremia and anemia, 2. Immune response (rash and arthralgia)
DISEASE: late winter/spring
-fifth disease (slapped face rash)
-aplasitc crisis in chronic hemolytic anemia pts
-acute polyarthritis
-spontaneous abortion
DX: clinical presentation, ELISA, PCR

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6
Q

Characteristics of PAPILLOMAVIRUS and example disease

A

DNA, naked, icosahedral, dsDNA
Prickled appearing virus

HPV

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7
Q

Which types of HPV cause warts and which are associated with cancers?

A

Type 1-4 cause warts

Types 16, 18 (31,45 less common) associated w/ cancer

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8
Q

What is the pathology of HPV?

A

warts appear in keratinized skin which stimulates hyperplasia
Koilocytes develop = enlarged keratinocytes with clear halos around condensed nuclei.

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9
Q

What are diseases of HPV?

A

Papillomas (warts) - children/young adults
Laryngopapillomas: infant to 50 yo., single, peduculated, can block airways in infants
Anogenital (condylomata acuminata)
Cervical dysplasia, CIN & carcinoma

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10
Q

Characteristics of POLYOMAVIRUSES and example disease

A

Naked, DNA virus

2 diseases: BK & JC
typically only symptomatic in IC patients

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11
Q

POLYOMAVIRUS (JC & BK) epidemiology key points, what CNS cell is targeted by injection?

A

enters via respiratory droplets, goes to epithelia cells then lymphocytes -> travels to kidneys

in lytic infectious there is demyelination of oligodendrocytes.

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12
Q

Which Polyomavarius causes the following:
Hemorrhagic cystitis, nephritis and/or urethritis?
Progrssive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?

A

BK virus

JC virus

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13
Q

Characteristics of ADENOVIRUSES? What does it do to MHC 1 Receptors, and why is that important?

A

linear dsDNA, icosahedral, naked
has a characteristic long fiber extending from capsomer at corners which are hemagglutinators

Can down regulate MHC Class 1 receptors thus helping the infection avoid Tc cells.

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14
Q

Examples of diseases/conditions caused by ADENOVIRUS

A 
acute febrile pharyngitis and pharyngoconjunctival fever
acute respiratory tract disease
Colds
conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis
gastroenteritis and diarrhea
Intussesception
sepsis in IC patients
acute hermorrhagic cystitis
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15
Q

How is Adenovirus dx? What are some cytological clues?

A

ADV produces nuclear inclusion bodies.

ADV is cultured in epithelium derived cells

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16
Q

Characteristics of HERPESVIRUSES and example disease

A

dsDNA, enveloped, Icosahedral
8-types
latent infections

HSV1, HSV2, VZV, EBV

17
Q

What are example symptoms and complications caused by HSV-1 infection?

A

Mucocutaneous infection
Acute hepatic gingivostomatitis
Herpes labialis
Herpetic whitlow - lesion of distal phalanx
Encephalitis - dx w/ MRI and CSF (PCR for HSV)

18
Q

What are some DX. tests for HSV-1

A

Tzanck smear or Pap test of material from vesicle -> shows syncytia and Cowdry type 1 intranuclear inclusions

19
Q

What are example symptoms and complications caused by HSV-2 infection?

A

Genital herpes
Herpes urethritis
Perinatal infection & encephalitis - if mother infected
Herpes pharyngitis

20
Q

What are example symptoms and complications caused by Varicella-zoster virus (HSV-3) infection?

A

VZV or chickenpox virus
Shingles - zoster
Pneumonia - adults and IC patients
Prenatal infection - CNS abnormalities when fetus infection <20 weeks, neonates may show skin lesions

21
Q

What are example symptoms and complications caused by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV/HHV-4) infection?

A

invades oral epithelial cells and B cells (tonsil).
Mononucleosis refers to T-cell lymphocytosis and typical lymphocytes (Downy cells)

Infectious mononucleosis
laryngitis
hepatitis
encephalitis, aseptic meningitis
burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphomas
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Hairy oral leukoplakia (in AIDS pts)
22
Q

What are DX tools for Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV/HHV-4) infection?

A

clinical picture - namely malaise
atypical lymphocytosis
heterophil antibody
viral capsid antigen specific antibody

23
Q

Explain the epidemiology of Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5) infection? What are some ways it is acquired?

A

it is a common lymphotrophic lifelong recurrent infection.
Acquired transplacentally or during birth, from milk, saliva, tears, urine in infants, and semen (a major route), or blood in adults.

24
Q

What are some example diseases of Cytomegalovirus?

A

CMV Mono - similar but more mild than IM
Cytomegalic inclusion disease - fetal and IC patients, can be fatal. MOST COMMON VIRAL CAUSE OF CONGENITAL DEFECTS
transplant/transfusion infections - severe in neonates and IC pts

25
Q

What are some example DX techniques for Cytomegalovirus?

A

Owl’s eye inclusion/cells

26
Q

Explain the epidemiology of Human B-lymphotropic virus (HHV-6,7) infection? What disease is associated with infection?

A

is a common lymphotrophic (t-cell) viral infection of infants or very young children
results in Roseola infantum

Sx. high very (103-105) w/ rapid onset, can induce febrile seizures

27
Q

Explain the epidemiology of HHV-8 or Kaposi’s sarcoma assoicated virus infection? What are some ways it is acquired?

A

STD
AIDS associated
results in Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS patients - CT cancer resulting in dark skin spots

28
Q

Characteristics of POXVIRIDAE and example disease

A

dsDNA, complex symmetry, two membrane layers, brick or ovoid shaped

largest of all viruses
replication occurs in cytoplasm and use viral DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Variola virus
Molluscum contagiosum virus
Cowpox
Monkeypox
Orf Virus
29
Q

What are some epidemiological features of Variola Virus and disease it causes?

A

virus initiates quickly, human-to-human contact via droplets or contact.
starts respiratory and spreads via lymphatics
rash on skin that becomes herorrhagic

Example: Smallpox

30
Q

What are some epidemiological features of Molluscum Contragiosum Virus and disease it causes?

A

slowly developing infection spread by contact
AIDS association

Skin develops flesh-color or white smooth, waxy bumps w/ dimple in center

Example: Molluscum Contagiosum: lesions found on trunk or genitalia (adults)

Dx: large, eosinophilic, scallop shell like inclusions in epithelia cells

31
Q

What are some epidemiological features of Cowpox, Pseudocowpx, Vaccina Viruses and symptoms it causes?

A

Zoonotic disease, slowly developing, self limiting

results in singular, vesicular, pustular or hemorrhagic lesions on finger, hands or arms

32
Q

What are some epidemiological features of Monkeypox Virus and symptoms it causes?

A

zoonotic disease from monkeys

appears like smallpox

33
Q

What are some epidemiological features of Orf Virus and symptoms it causes?

A

zoonotic disease from sheep
single, nodular, or granulomatous lesions on fingers, hands, arms.
contagious pustular dermatitis, an epithelial cell infection

34
Q

Characteristics of HERPADNAVIRIDAE and example disease

A

partially dsDNA

Hepatitis B

35
Q

Explain the pathology of Hep. B Infection?

A

HBV is liver tropic; can integrate into hepatocyte DNA in cases of hepatocarcinoma. Normally, viral replication does not involve integration into the host chromosome. CMI is critical to recovery; Tc kill HBsAg expressing hepatocytes

36
Q

What are some clinical Sx. of Hep. B infection?

A

Dark urine

Jaundice and scleral icterus

37
Q

What are diseases associated with Hep. B infection?

A

Type B hepatitis, serum hepatitis (long incubation hepatitis) – insidious development of icterus (yellow skin, dark urine, pale stools), fever, upper right quadrant pain, increased liver enzymes in blood, anorexia, nausea and malaise; 5-10% develop chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, especially perinatally infected infants.

HBV-HDV Co-infection: fulminant, fatal cases of serum hepatitis.

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma – highly fatal cancer, 80% associated
with chronic hepatitis.

2017 Semester 1 (19 decks)

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