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Microscopic Anatomy Unit 3 > Blood 2 > Flashcards

Blood 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Romanovsky type blood stain

A
  • basic-methylene blue (RNA)
  • basic-azure B (DNA and GAGs)
  • acidic-eosin (proteins)
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2
Q

hematopoiesis

A

continuous production of blood cells

-monophyletic- all from a common pluripotent stem cell (HSC)

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3
Q

hematopoietic organs

A
  • bone marrow:RBCs, granulocytes, monocytes

- lymphoid organs-lymphocytes

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4
Q

blast cell

A
  • large cell 10-15 mirons
  • large euchromatic nucleus
  • several nucleoli (neg image)
  • high nucleocytoplasmic ratio
  • heavenly blue cytoplase
  • no cytoplasminc granules
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5
Q

neutrophil differentiation

A
  • condensation of nuclear chromatin (disappearance of nucleoli)
  • lobulation of nucleus
  • appearance of cytoplasmic granules
  • decrease in cytoplasmic basophilia
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6
Q

normal conditions for neutrophil development

A
  • blasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes and metamyelocytes are only in bone marrow
  • band and mature cells in peripheral blood
  • mitotic for 7.5 days, post mitotic for 6.5
  • total 14 days
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7
Q

neutrophilic promyelocyte

A
  • same size as blast
  • spherical nucleus
  • more condensed chromatin
  • azurophilic granules
  • mitotic
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8
Q

azurophilic granules

A
  • primary lysosomes- form secondary lysosomes when fuse with phagosome in neutrophil (second one to fuse)
  • contain acid phosphatase and myeloperoxidase (MPP)
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9
Q

neutrophilic myelocyte

A
  • round oval nucleus
  • more heterochromatic
  • no longer makes azurophilic granules
  • appearance of specific granules
  • color of cytoplasm shifts from blue to salmon pink
  • mitotic
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10
Q

specific granules

A
  • lysozyme-hydrolyzes glycosides in bacterial cell wall
  • lactoferrin-binds iron
  • death of bacterial cells
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11
Q

neutrophilic metamylocyte

A
  • no longer mitotic
  • kidney shaped nucleus
  • more condensed chromatin
  • numerous specific granules
  • few azurophilic granules
  • salmon pink cytoplasm
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12
Q

band cell

A
  • when the indentation exceeds 1/2 the diameter of the round nucleus
  • curved rod shaped nucleus
  • more condensed chromatin
  • cytoplasm just like mature neutrophil
  • bands can be observed in peripheral blood (1-5% of WBCs)
  • % of bands in the peripheral blood can provide a rough estimate of the rate of neutrophil production
  • when the segments between lobes have become think heterochromatic filaments, its a neutrophil
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13
Q

shift to the left

A

increase in the % of bands in the buffy coat indicates that stress is being placed on the bone marrow to produce more neutrophils

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14
Q

life span of neutrophils

A
  • 9-14 days in bone marrow
  • 1 day in peripheral blood
  • 5 days in surrounding tissue
  • 15-20 days total
  • eosinophils and basophils same sequence
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15
Q

red bone marrow

A
  • small blood vessels
  • discontinuous sinuses
  • hematopoietic cords
  • found in: sternum, vertebrae, ribs, clavicles, pelvis, skull
  • also contains stem cells that can produce other tissues-makes it possible to generate specialized cells that are not rejected by the body
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16
Q

HSC

A
  • all blood cells derived from HSCs

- cells reside in hemopoietic stem cell niches

17
Q

stem cell niches

A
  • interactive structure unit that nurtures stem cells and facilitates their activity
  • osteoclasts-create space in spongy bone
  • osteoblasts-localization of stem cells and support hematopoiesis
  • other cells: endo cells, pericytes, bone marrow macrophages
  • fibronectin, laminin, agrin
18
Q

importance of stem cell niches

A
  • stem cells not randomly distributed in bone marrow
  • live in specific environments
  • interaction of the stem cells with the elements of the niche is critical
  • alterations to niche can lead to myeloproliferative disease, a pre leukemic condition
19
Q

erythrocyte differentiation

A
  • decrease in cell volume
  • decrease in nuclear diameter
  • increase in heterochromatin
  • disappearance of nucleoli
  • loss of nucleus
  • decrease in cytoplasmic basophilia and increase in eosinophilia
20
Q

basophilic erythroblast

A
  • under influence of erythropoietin the RBC will begin maturation
  • smaller than a blast
  • checkerboard nucleus
  • loss of nucleolus
  • navy blue cytoplasm (increase in free ribosomes)
  • ribosomes produce hemoglobin
  • capable of cell division 1-2 times
21
Q

polychromatophilic erythroblast

A
  • capable of dividing 3-4x

- when basophilia is decreasing and eosinophilia is increasing-due to increase in hemoglobin

22
Q

normoblast

A
  • smaller cell
  • smaller heterochromatic nucleus
  • slightly polychromatophilic
  • terminal cell-no more mitosis
23
Q

fate of normoblasts

A
  • 80% lose nucleus and keep some polyribosomes and small RNA- to reticulocyte (have some RNA) then erythrocyte
  • 20% lose residual RNA before nuclear extrusion-to orthochromatic erythroblast then erythrocyte
24
Q

orthochromatic erythrocyte

A
  • uses up residual RNA before extrudes its nucleus
  • resembles a nucleated RBC
  • not present in normal peripheral blood
25
Q

maturation time for RBC

A
  • 1-2 days as basophilic erythrocyte
  • 3 days as a polychromatophil
  • 3 days for normoblast to reticulocyte
  • 1 day for reticulocyte to RBC
  • total 8-9 days
26
Q

erythropoietin

A
  • glycoprotein hormone
  • produced in kidney cortex (probably by endo cells of peritubular capillary plexus
  • increases rate of mitosis (in blasts, erythroblasts and polychromatophils)
  • increases RNA synthesis in developing RBCs (especially mRNA for hemoglobin)
  • attenuates degree of brain damage after stroke
  • synthesis stimulated by hypoxia
27
Q

erythroblastic island

A
  • developing RBCs cluster around reticular cells in bone marrow
  • reticular cells phagocytose extruded nuceli-trophic role in maturation of RBCs
28
Q

plasma cell

A
  • basophilic cyto
  • neg image of golgi
  • acentrically placed nucleus
  • clock face chromatin
29
Q

megakaryocyte differentiation

A
  • cell enlargement
  • lobulation of nucleus
  • increase in level of ploidy-32-64n
  • shift in cytoplasmic basophilia to acidophilia
  • accumulation of azurophilic cytoplasmic granules
  • formation of platelet demarcation channels
30
Q

proplatelet model

A
  1. extension of thick pseudopods
  2. formation of long extensions
  3. platelets are releases from ends of proplatelets
31
Q

red bone marrow and megakaryocytes

A
  • lie just outside the discontinuous sinusoids
  • release platelets into sinusoids
  • platelets circulate for 10 days
  • destroyed in spleen and liver
  • contain functional repetoire of mRNAs
  • may be able to produce functional progeny??
32
Q

lymphoblasts

A
  • most lymphoblasts reside in the bone marrow
  • some of their progeny will migrate to the thymus, where they will acquire T cell characteristics
  • some of their progeny will remain in the marrow and differentiate into B cells
  • all lymphocytes will migrate to specific regions of peripheral lymphoid organs
33
Q

lymphocyte differentiation

A
  • decrease in cell size
  • condensation of chromatin
  • disappearance of nucleoli
  • acquisition of cell surface receptors
34
Q

monocyte

A
  • develops from blasts in red bone marrow
  • bone marrow 2-3 days
  • circulation 1-2 days
  • tissues (as macrophages) 1-3 months

Microscopic Anatomy Unit 3 (3 decks)

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