Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 331, Personality (Final) > Module 8: Cognition and the Self > Flashcards

Module 8: Cognition and the Self Flashcards

1
Q

Bandura believed that environmental, behavioural, and personal factors are all equal, intertwined predictors of one another. This idea is called:

A

reciprocal determinism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bandura used the term ______________ to describe the process of social learning

A

modelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

According to Bandura, 3 factors impact the strength of the modelling effect:

A
  1. Features of the model
  2. Consequences of model’s behaviour
  3. Qualities of the observer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Are people lower in self-esteem more likely to be affected by social learning?

A

No. Self-esteem is not related to the social learning process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What 4 component processes are crucial in a social learning situation?

A
  1. Attention
  2. Retention
  3. Production
  4. Motivation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are two important elements in Bandura’s theory that rely heavily on cognitive processes?

A
  1. Self-regulation
  2. Self-Efficacy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between self-esteem and self-efficacy?

A

Self-esteem
- How we evaluate our own worth or abilities

Self-efficacy
- One’s belief about their ability to achieve their goals as a result of their actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Does having high or low self-efficacy in certain tasks automatically produce higher or lower self-esteem?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

According to Walter Mischel’s cognitive-affective processing system (CAPS) theory…

A

There are individual “if…then…” relationships that contribute to the consistency of variation in an individual’s behaviour and ultimately their personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The personality variables in Mischel’s CAPS theory are called:

A

cognitive-affective units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

According to Mischel’s CAPS theory, situation is not limited to things in the environment (like those theories put forth by classical behaviourists like Skinner). What does this mean?

A

This means that the situation is inclusive of a whole set of internal cognitive and motional factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Aside from CAPS, one of Mischel’s most well-known contributions is his research on:

A

delayed gratification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

According to Mischel, disruptions in one’s ability to delay gratification can contribute to social problems such as…

A

dropping out of school or criminal activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mischel conducted a longitudinal study with marshmallows and children to assess delayed gratification. What did he find?

A

Delayed gratification group was:
- More effective, assertive, and better equipped in coping with life frustrations
- also achieved higher SAT scores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bandura and Mischel studied the effect of social learning on self-control. What did they find and what did they speculate from these results?

A

Finding:
- model’s choice (delayed vs. immediate gratification) affected the child’s choice
- effect was less pronounced when children were read a description of the model’s choice compared to when they witness the model making this choice

Speculation:
- May explain why some children with unstable families develop problems with self-control later on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Herman Witkin studied differences in perceptual style and came to call this topic:

A

field dependence versus field independence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does it mean to be field dependent?

A

You perceive the orientation of objects by relying on environmental cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does it mean to be field independent?

A

You perceive the orientation of objects by relying on bodily cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of students (field dependent versus independent) tend to favour the natural sciences, math, and engineering?

A

Field independent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of students (field dependent versus independent) tend to favour social sciences and education?

A

Field dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Field _______________ people tend to rely on social information and frequently ask other people for their opinion

A

dependent

22
Q

Field _______________ people function with more autonomy and thus they demonstrate a detached orientation toward others and show preference for non-social situations

A

independent

23
Q

Field ____________ people have shown to be better at ignoring distracting information and focusing on the more important details

A

independent

24
Q

With regard to pain perception, “reducers” have been found to consume psychoactive drugs more, listen to louder music, drink more coffee, and have a lower threshold for boredom compared to augmenters. What is the hypothesis for this?

A

Their nervous system is thought to reduce the effects of sensory stimulation

25
Q

According to Kelly, a personal construct is similar to a…

A

cognitive schema

26
Q

What are some examples of personal constructs?

A

Smart-not smart, cooperative-uncooperative, tall-short, boring-interesting

27
Q

According to Kelly’s personal construct theory, personality differences exist because…

A

people possess different personal constructs that they use to construe the social world

28
Q

According to Kelly’s personal construct theory anxiety is the result of…

A

not being able to understand and predict life events, that is, our personal constructs failing to make sense of our circumstances

29
Q

Locus of control

A

A person’s perception of responsibility for life events (whether that be internally or externally)

30
Q

If a person generally believes that they can do little to influence events, then in a new situation, they would have a ___________ ______________ that things are outside of their control

A

generalized expectancy

31
Q

In general, a _________ locus of control is conducive to well-being and predicative of a variety of outcomes (i.e., reduced risk of obesity, completion of degree in more timely manner, higher credit ratings)

A

internal

32
Q

According to Higgins’ theory of regulatory focus, promotion focus (advancement, growth) correlates with traits like:

A

extraversion and behavioural activation

33
Q

According to Higgins’ theory of regulatory focus, prevention focus (safety, prevention of negative outcomes) correlates with traits like:

A

neuroticism and harm avoidance

34
Q

Mischel’s CAPS theory emphasizes personality ___________ rather than static traits

A

processes

35
Q

The mirror recognition test is a method for assessing the development of:

A

self-awareness

36
Q

What are among the first aspects of the self that people learn to identify and associate with themselves?

A

Gender and age

37
Q

From age 3 to 12 children’s self-concepts are based mainly on…

A

developing talents and skills

38
Q

During adolescence, the self-concept becomes based more on abstract psychological terms such as…

A

Likes, dislikes, mood states, ideologies, etc.

39
Q

People more easily process information that is consistent with their…

A

self-concept

40
Q

Self-schemas can include:

A

Past self
Current self
Possible selves
Ideal self
Ought self

41
Q

Higgins referred to the ought and ideal selves as:

A

self-guides

42
Q

Ideal self guides us to focus on achievement and goals. What type of focus would this be associated with?

A

Promotion

43
Q

Ought self guides us to focus on avoiding harm and seeking safety. What type of focus would this be associated with?

A

Prevention

44
Q

Describe the typical self-esteem fluctuations over the life span

A

Low during adolescence, gradual rise through midlife, increases tend to accompany other positive life events

45
Q

With regard to the self-concept, what is an explanation for why following failure, those with low self-esteem are more likely to perform poorly/give up while those high in self-esteem are more likely to try harder?

A

Since failure feedback is consistent with the self-concept of those low in self-esteem they are more likely to accept it unlike those who are high in self-esteem because the failure feedback is inconsistent with their self-concept

46
Q

Why have programs been proposed for expanding self-concept?

A

Because those with high self-complexity (that is, those who have a self-concept made up of many parts) a failure in any one aspect is buffered because there are many other aspects of the self

47
Q

A strategy in which a person facing a challenge expects to do poorly

A

Defensive pessimism

48
Q

Deliberately doing the things that increase the probability of one’s failure

A

Self-handicapping

49
Q

One study found that self-esteem level was indeed related to depression. However this relation was much stronger among those higher in…

A

self-esteem variability

50
Q

According to Baumeister there are 2 types of identity crises:

A
  1. Identity deficit
    - When a person has not formed an adequate identity and has trouble making major decisions
  2. identity conflict
    - A conflict between two or more aspects of identity
51
Q

In 2015 the APA task force on violent media released a meta-analysis and concluded that the impact of exposure to violent video game use on aggressive outcomes is robust. However there were several critiques:

A
  1. Did not include a representative sample of research in this field
  2. Not transparent about the studies selected
  3. Chosen statistical procedures that are known to inflate estimates of effects
52
Q

An updated meta-analysis of exposure to violent video game use on aggressive outcomes found that:

A

The relation between violent video game use and aggressive behaviour may be statistically significant but it is small (explains less than 0.5% of the variance in outcomes)

PSYC 331, Personality (Final) (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions