Test 3 Flashcards
Possible Selves
What individuals might becomes, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid/dread becoming
Life Review
- prominent in Erickson’s final stage of psychosocial development
- looking back at life experiences, evaluating them, interpreting them, and often reinterpreting them
- Reminiscence therapy
Reminiscence Therapy
Older adults discussing past experiences and activities with a single person or as a group
Self Esteem
Global evaluations of the self. Also referred to as self image or self worth
seeing self as a good person
Self concept
domain specific evaluations of the self
academics, athletics, appearance
Strategies for increasing self esteem
- identify cause of low self esteem and the domains of the competence important to the self
- provide emotional support and opportunities for social approval
- take responsibility for one’s own self esteem
- achieve goals
- develop effective coping strategies
Self regulation
the ability to control one’s behavior without having to rely on others’ help
Erickson’s identity vs. identity confusion
faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life - questions arise throughout life but are especially important in adolescence
Contemporary thoughts on identity
- identity development is a lengthy process
- gradual and less of a crisis then Erikson suggested
- healthy identities are more flexible and adaptive
identity formation involves
- commitment to a vocational direction
- ideological stance
- sexual orientation
James Marcia’s 4 Statuses of Identity
- Identity diffusion: not experienced crisis or made any commitments. undecided about occupation and ideological choices. likely to show little interest in things
- identity foreclosure: have made a commitment but no crisis. Parents often hand down commitment in authoritarian way before adolescent has chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, or vocations of their own.
- Identity moratorium: during a crisis whose commitments are either absent or vaguely defined
- Identity achievement: undergone crisis and made commitment
Cultural and ethnic identity
- identity formation is influenced by culture
- ethnic identity: sense of membership in an ethnic group and attitudes and feelings that relate to that membership
Primary sex hormone
Estrogens: females physical sex characteristics and helps regulate period
Androgens: (testosterone) promotes development of male gents and secondary sex characteristics
Parent gender stereotyping
- parents influence their children’s and adolescents’ gender development by action and example (rewards and punishment)
- mothers more involved than fathers
- mothers= daughters more obedient and responsible
- fathers= pay more attention to sons, engage more with them, promote sons’ intellectual development
gender stereotyping
- boys are more rigid than girls
- male traits are instrumental: being independent, aggressive, power oriented
- female traits are expressive: warm and sensitive
socioemotional similarities: aggression
- boys are more physically aggressive than girls
- girls use the same amount of or more verbal and rational aggression