13.2

Question 1

What are policies to promote innovation?

Answer 1

Intellectual property rights (patents, copyrights, trademarks), government funding for R&D, and cooperative research between universities and firms.

Question 2

What are intellectual property rights?

Answer 2

Legal rights that protect creations of the mind, including patents, copyrights, and trademarks.

Question 3

What is a patent?

Answer 3

An exclusive legal right to produce or sell an invention for a limited time.

Question 4

What is a copyright?

Answer 4

Exclusive legal rights for works like books, music, and films.

Question 5

How can the government support R&D?

Answer 5

By directly funding research, offering tax credits for R&D spending, and encouraging cooperative research through grants and partnerships.

Question 6

What is an example of a tax credit for R&D spending?

Answer 6

The R&E tax credit.

Question 7

What organizations encourage cooperative research?

Answer 7

NIH and the National Academy of Sciences.