Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

Question 1

balance =

Answer 1

state of equilibrium

Question 2

is water and electrolyte independent or dependent of each other?

Answer 2

independent!

Question 3

average % of water weight in female

Answer 3

52%

Question 4

average % of water weight in male

Answer 4

63%

Question 5

______ L of water in adult body, _____ is intracellular fluid, and ______ is extracellular fluid.

Answer 5

40L
2/3 intracellular fluid
1/3 extracellular fluid

Question 6

what are 2 major factors of fluid movement between compartments?

Answer 6

1. hydrostatic pressure
2. colloid osmotic pressure

Question 7

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 7

generated by fluid on the walls of the capillary, usually forcing water out of the circulatory system

Question 8

colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 8

exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel’s plasma tends to pull water into the circulatory system

Question 9

regulation of water intake steps

Answer 9

1. The body loss little as 1% of its water
2. Increase in the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid due to water loss stimulates osmoreceptors in the thirst center
3. Activity in the hypothalamus causes the person to feel thirsty and to seek water
4. Drinking and resulting distension of the stomach by water stimulate nerve impulses that inhibit the thirst center
5. Water is absorbed through the walls of the stomach and small intestine
6. Osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid returns to normal

Question 10

regulation of water output: dehydration

Answer 10

1. Extracellular fluid becomes osmotically concentrated
2. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are stimulated by the increase in the osmotic pressure of body fluids
3. Hypothalamus signals the posterior gland to release ADH into the blood
4. Blood carries ADH to the kidneys
5. ADH causes the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts to increase water absorption
6. Urine output decreases and water loss is minimized

Question 11

regulation of water output: excess water intake

Answer 11

1. Extracellular fluid becomes osmotically less concentrated
2. This change stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
3. Posterior pituitary gland decreases ADH release
4. Renal tubules decreases water reabsorption
5. Urine output increases and excess water is excreted

Question 12

what positive charged ions are important? what are they vital for?

Answer 12

Ca+, Na+, K+

nerve impulse conduction, muscle fiber contraction, and maintenance of cell membrane permeability

Question 13

Electrolytes that ionize in water and release hydrogen ions =

Answer 13

acids

Question 14

Substances that combine with hydrogen ions =

Answer 14

bases

Question 15

Acids

Answer 15

• Strong acids ionize more completely and release more H+
• Weak acids ionize less completely and release fewer H+

Question 16

bases

Answer 16

• Strong bases ionize more completely and release more OH-
• Weak bases ionize less completely and release fewer OH-

Question 17

Maintenance of acid-base balance usually eliminates acids in one of three ways:

Answer 17

1. Acid-base buffer systems
2. Respiratory excretion of carbon dioxide
3. Renal excretion of hydrogen ions

Question 18

Normal metabolic reactions generally produce more acid than base, reactions include:

Answer 18

• Cellular metabolism of glucose
• Fatty acids
• Amino acids

Question 19

Respiratory secretion of CO2 steps

Answer 19

1. Cells increase production of CO2
2. CO2 reacts with H2O to produce H2CO3
3. H2CO3 release H+
4. Respiratory center is stimulated
5. Rate and depth of breathing increase
6. More CO2 is eliminated through lungs

Question 20

what does the respiratory system of the brainstem help?

Answer 20

helps regulate H ion conc. In the body fluids by controlling the rate and depth of breathing

Question 21

Renal secretion of H ions

Answer 21

Nephrons help regulate the H ion concentration of body fluids by excreting H ions in the urine

Question 22

Acid-base (chemical) buffers function______.

Answer 22

rapidly

Question 23

Respiratory and renal (physiological buffers) functions ________.

Answer 23

more slowly

Question 24

Acidosis =

Answer 24

accumulation of acids and loss of bases

1. Respiratory acidosis
2. Metabolic acidosis

Question 25

Alkalosis

Answer 25

• Develops as a result of hyperventilation
• Metabolic alkalosis = great loss of H ions from a gain bases, both accompanied by a rise in the pH of blood

Question 26

Large organic molecules such as proteins are not usually found in the _____.
Interstitial fluid
Intracellular fluid
Plasma

Answer 26

interstitial fluid

Question 27

The most abundant (-) charge ion in the extracellular fluid is_____.
Sulfate
Bicarbonate
Chloride

Answer 27

chloride

Question 28

If the solute concentration in the extracellular fluid decreases, water ______.
Water moves into the cell
Moves out of the cell
Moves out of the blood

Answer 28

water moves into the cell

Question 29

what is the 3 acid-base buffer system?

Answer 29

1. bicarbonate buffer system
2. phosphate buffer system
3. protein buffer system

Question 30

Alkalosis:

Occurs when the pH of the body fluids is less than 7.35
Can be caused by hyperventilation
Can occur as a result of anaerobic respiration

Answer 30

Can be caused by hyperventilation

Question 31

The major effect of acidosis is the ______ of the nervous system whereas a major effect of alkalosis is ______ of the nervous system.

Depression; hyperexcitability
Hyperexcitability; depression

Answer 31

Depression; hyperexcitability

Question 32

Respiratory regulations of pH depends upon the______.

Carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system
Phosphate buffer system
Protein buffer system

Answer 32

Carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system