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Biology > Core Concept: Cell structure and organisation > Flashcards

Core Concept: Cell structure and organisation Flashcards

1
Q

Define organelle

A

a specialised structure with a specific function inside a cell

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2
Q

Define Eukaryote

A

an organism containing cells that have membrane-bound organelles with DNA in chromosomes within the nucleus

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3
Q

12 components of a generalised animal cell

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum
golgi body
ribosomes
mitochondria
nucleus
nucleolous
nuclear envelope
nuclear pore
DNA

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4
Q

16 components of a generalised plant cell

A

cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum
golgi body
ribosomes
chloroplasts
Mitochondria
vacuole
tonoplast
nucleus
nucleolous
DNA
nuclear envelope
nuclear pore

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5
Q

From smallest to biggest order nanometre, kilometre, micrometre, metre and millimetre.

A

nanometre - micrometre - millimetre - metre - kilometre

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6
Q

What size is the nucleus

A

10-20 micrometres

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7
Q

Describe the components of the nucleus and their function

3 areas 5 components

A

2 membranes called the nuclear envelope with nuclear pores - allow movement of rRNA and mRNA out of the nucleus the outer membrane is continuous with the RER

neoplasm in the nucleaus which contains chromatin - coils of DNA bound to a protein it condenses into chromosomes

nucleolous - synthesises rRNA

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8
Q

What is a mitochondrion comprised of

5 points

A

outer cell membrane
inner cell membrane/cristae
matrix
DNA
70s ribosomes

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9
Q

Describe the membrane of the mitochondria and how it is adapted for its function

A

it has a double membrane which are seperated by the intermembrane space the inner membrane is folded inwards to form the cristae this allows for more surface area for more respiratory enzymes

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10
Q

Describe the shape of a mitochondrion what is its function and how is it adapted for this

A

it is cylindrical it is the site of aerobic respiration producing ATP it has a higher surface area to volume ratio compared to a sphere it reduces the diffusion distance between te edge and the centre, making aerobic respiration more efficient.

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11
Q

What size is a mitochondrion

A

1-10 micrometres

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12
Q

7 components of a chloroplast

A

double membrane
granum
thylakoid
intergranal lamella
stroma
DNA
70s ribosomes

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13
Q

In most plants, what cell has the highest concentration of Chloroplasts

A

Palisade mesophyll cells

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14
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory
And what evidence can suggest this

A

that eukaryotic cells once began as prokaryotic cells and a large cell englufed the mitochondria and chloroplast
they have. a double membrane and have their own 70s ribosomes and DNA so they can produce their own proteins and can replicate

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15
Q

Describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

elaborate system of parallel double membranes formimg a series of flattened sacs with Interconnected fluid filled spaces between them called cisterna

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16
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and their function

A

Rough ER - has ribosomes on its outer surface and it folds the proteins made there also transports them to golgi
smooth ER - has no ribosomes on it it synthesises, transports and modifies lipids

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17
Q

What cells will have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum

A

cells that store a high amount of carbohydrates, lipids or proteins like liver cells and secretory cells

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18
Q

What is the function of a ribosome

A

site of proteins synthesis

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19
Q

What is the different sizes of ribosomes and where would they be found

A

80s in eukaryotes
70s in prokayotes

20
Q

Describe the structure of a ribosome where it is assembled and what it is made of

A

large sub unit on top
small sub unit on the bottom
it is assembled in the nucleolous
and made of rRNA and proteins

21
Q

Where does the mRNA and tRNA attach on a ribosome

A

where there are two tRNA binding sites within
where the mRNA binds and is fed through

22
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi body

A

compact elaborate system of parallel double membranes formimg a series of flattened sacs called cisternae

23
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi body

A

Producing secretory enzymes packaged into secretory vesicles

secreting carbohydrates

producing glycoproteins

transporting and storing lipids

forming lysosomes

24
Q

What is a lysosome
And its function

A

single membrane fluid fillled vesicle containing digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes

they can contain and isolate harmful digestive enzymes from the rest of the cell these enzymes can digest material such as a white blood cell that has englufed a bacteria or food

25
Q

What is are centrioles
And what is its function

A

two rings of microtubules making hollow cylinders positioned at right angles to each other during cell division they have a role in forming and controlling the spindle fibres

26
Q

What is a Vacuole
And its function

A

fluid filled sac bound by a single membrane it contains cell sap, a solution containing amino acids,vitamins, minerals and glucose.

27
Q

What is a Tonoplast

A

The tonoplast is a stretchy membrane, and its main function is to protect the vacuole and isolate it from harmful substances. The tonoplast membrane controls ionic and osmotic movement in and around the cell.

28
Q

What is the structure of a plant cell wall

A

cellulose is held together in microfibrils which are aggregated into fibres, embedded in a polysaccharide matrix called pectin

29
Q

What are the functions of a plant cell wall

3 points

A

Transport - the gaps in the cellulose fibres makes the cell wall fully permeable to water and minerals
Mechanical strength - the microfibrils and thier laminated arrangement make the cell wall strong allowing the cell to be turgid and withstand high pressure potential
communication between cells -cell walls have pits in which strands of cytoplasm called plasmodesmata pass

30
Q

What are the 2 pathways of water and minerals through the plant route
What does each consist of

A

apoplast - moves through the cell wall until the casparian strip
symplast - water and mineralls move through the cytoplasm and the plasmodesmata

31
Q

Differences between plant and animal cells

6 points

A

plants have a perminent large vacuole - animals have a small tempory one

plants have chloroplasts - animals dont

plants have a cell wall - animals dont

plants dont have centrioles - animals have centrioles

plants have plasmodesmata - animals have no plasmodesmata

plants have startch as an energy store - animals have glycogen as an energy store

32
Q

Define Prokaryote

A

a single-celled organism with no membrane bound organelles DNA is free in the cytoplasm

33
Q

Name 8 components of the generalised prokaryotic cell

A

flagellum
cell membrane
cytoplasm
peptidoglycan cell wall
mesosome
plasmid
DNA
70s ribosomes

34
Q

What components are in all prokaryotes

5 points

A

peptidoglycan cell wall
cell membrane
DNA free in cytoplasm
cytoplasm
70s ribosomes

34
Q

In eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Compare the following: length, organelles, DNA, Nuclear envelope, plasmids, cell wall, chloroplasts, mitochondria, mesosome, and ribosomes

A

length - euk>Pro
organelles - membrane bound in eukaryote not in prokaryotes
DNA - combined with proteins in chromome eukaryotes but free in the cytoplasm in prokarytes
nuclear envelope - in the eukaryote not in prokaryote
plasmids - not in Eukaryote plasmids sometimes in Prokaryote
cell wall - cellulose in plant and chitin in fungi cell wall (Eukaryotes) but in Prokaryote it is peptidoglycan
chloroplasts - in plant Eukaryotes not in Prokaryotes
mitochondria - present in eukaryotes not in prokaryotes
mesosome - not in Eukaryote is in Prokaryote
ribosomes - 80s in Eukaryotes 70s in prokaryotes

35
Q

Describe the structure of a virus

A

protein coat called a capsid
and a strand of DNA or RNA
if RNA its called a retro virus

36
Q

Is a virus living or non living provide an explanation

A

non living as it does not have any of the living characteristiccs

37
Q

Define tissue

A

group of cells with the same structure and function working together

38
Q

Name three tissue types

A

epithelium
muscle
connective

38
Q

Describe the structure of an epithelial tissue

A

forms a continuous layer covering the internal or external layers of the surfaces of the body no blood vessels but can have nerve endings the cells sit on a basement membrane (made of collagen and protein.

38
Q

What are the three types/shapes of epithelial tissue
And where they are found

A

cuboid - one cell thick found in the proximal convuluted tubule
Columnar - eleongated cells with cilia are in oviduct and trachea
squamous - flattened cells on the basement membrane form the walls of the bowmans capsule and alveoli

39
Q

Name three types of muscle tissue
And their features and functions

3 points

A

smooth - spindle-shape unstriped involluntary tissues that can contract Rhythmically but less powerfully than skeletal found in skin, in walls of blood vessels, in digestive and respiratory tracts
skeletal - long, striped and voluntary powerful contractions. they attatch to bone and generate locomotion they can tire.
cardiac - striped, short and involuntary muscles only found in the heart that contract rhythmically without stimulation from hormones or nerves and it does not tire

40
Q

Describe the role of connective tissue

A

connects, supports or seperates tissues and organs it contains elastic and collagen fibres in an extracellular fluid or matrix between the fibres there is fat storing cells and immune system cells

41
Q

Define organ

A

a group of tissues in a structural unit working together and performing a specific function

42
Q

define system

A

a group of organs working together with with a particular role

43
Q

define organism

A

all systems of the body working together making an organism which is a discrete individual

Biology (27 decks)

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