GU 2 Flashcards
What organs make up the female reproductive system??
- Ovaries
- Uterine (fallopian) tubes or oviducts
- Uterus
- Vagina
- Vulva or Pendulum
- Mammary glands
What hormones do the ovaries produce?
- Progesterone
- Estrogen
- Inhibin
- Relaxin
Size and shape of the ovaries?
Unshelled almonds
What type of tissues cover the surface of the ovaries?
Simple Germinal Epithelium
What are paired organs that produce secondary oocytes?
Ovaries
What are cells that develop into mature ova, or eggs following fertalization?
Oocytes
What is the region under the germinal epithelium made of dense connective tissue that contains ovarian follicles?
Ovarian Cortex
What consists of oocytes and a variable number of surrounding cells that nourish the developing oocyte and begin to secrete estrogens as the follicle gets bigger?
Ovarian Follicle (Folliculus little bag)
What is the large, mature, fluid filled follicle that is preparing to rupture and expel a secondary oocyte?
Graafian Follicle
What does the remnants of the ovulated follicle develop into?
Corpus Luteum (Yellow body)
What hormones does the Corpus luteum produce?
- progesterone
- estrogen
- relaxin
- inhibin
The Corpus Luteum degenerates and turns into fibrous tissue called?
Corpus Albicans (White body)
What region of the ovaries consists of loose connective tissue and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves?
Ovarian Medulla
What extends laterally from the uterus and transports the secondary oocytes from the ovaries to the uterus?
Uterines (fallopian tubes) 2
What is the open funnel shaped tube at each end of the fallopian tubes and lies close to the ovaries, but is open to the pelvic cavity?
Infundibulum
What are the finger like projections at the end of the uterine tubes?
Fimbriae
What extends medially from the upper and outer comers of the uterus?
Uterine tubes
The oocyte is moved along the uterine tubes by what two methods?
- peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle layer
- cillia in the tubes mucous lining
What is the usual site for fertilization of a secondary oocyte by a sperm cell?
Uterine tube
Fertilization may occur any time up to about how many hours after ovulation?
24 hours
The fertilized ovum(zygote) descends into the uterus within how many days?
7
-unfertilized oocytes disintegrate
What is the site of implantation of the fertilized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor?
Uterus
What is the source of menstrual flow during reproductive cycles when implantation does not occur?
Uterus
What is situated between the urinary bladder and the rectum and is shaped like an inverted pear?
Uterus
What part of the uterus is the dome shaped portion superior to the uterine tubes called?
Fundus
What is the tapering central portion of the uterus called?
The body
What part of the uterus is the narrow opening into the vagina?
Cervix
What is the interior body of the uterus called?
Uterine cavity
What is the middle muscle layer of the uterus that is consistent with smooth muscle and form the bulk of the uterine wall?
Myometrium
During child birth, coordinated contraction of what muscles help expel the fetus?
Uterine
What is the inner most part of the uterine wall made of mucous membrane, nourishes a growing fetus or is shed each month during menstruation if fertilization does not occur?
Endometrium
What glands are contained by the endometrium? Secretion nourish sperm and the zygote
Endometrial glands
What is the tubular canal that extends from the exterior of the body to the uterine cervix?
Vagina
The vagina is situated between the urinary bladder and the rectum. A recess called the _________ surrounds the cervix?
Fornix
When properly inserted a contraceptive diaphragm rest on the _________ covering the cervix?
Fornix
The mucosa of the vagina contains large stores of what? The decomposition of which produces what?
- Glycogen
- Organic acids
What is the thin fold of mucous membrane, partially covering the vaginal orifice?
Hymen
Wat is the diamond-shaped area between the thighs and buttocks of both males and females that contains the external genitals and anus?
Perineum
What terms refer to the external genitals of the female?
- Vulva
- Pudendum
What is the elevation of adipose tissue covered by coarse pubic hair, which cushions the pubic symphysis?
Mons Pubis
What are the two folds of longitudinal skin that extend down and back from the mons pubis?
Labia majora
In females the labia majora is developed from the same emryonic tissue as what?
Male scrotum
The labia majora is composed of adipose tissue and what kinds of glands?
- Sebacias (oil) glands
- Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Medial to the labia majora are two folds of skin called the?
Labia minora
What part of the vagina does not contain pubic hair or fat and have few sudoriferous glands but contain numerous sebaceous glands?
Labia minora
What is the small, cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and nerves, located at the anterior junction of the labia minora?
Clitoris
What is the layer of skin also known as the foreskin that forms the point where the labia minora unite and cover the clitoris?
Prepuse
What is the exposed portion of the clitoris capable of enlargement upon sexual stimulation?
Glans
What is the region between the labia minora called?
Vestibule
What is contained in the vestibule?
- hymen (if present)
- vaginal orifice
- external urethral orifice
- the opening of the ducts of the paraurethral glands
What is another name for paraurethral glands?
Skenes gland
The male prostate develops from the same embryonic tissue as the female what?
Paraurethral glands (Skenes)
What is on either side of the vaginal orifice that produce a small quantity of mucus during sexual arousal and intercourse that adds to the cervical mucus and provide lubrication?
Greater vestibular glands
What is another name for the greater vestibular glands?
Bartholin glands
What is the male equivalent of the Bartholin gland?
Bulbourethral gland
The mammary gland are located in the breasts and made of what kinds of glands that produce milk?
Modified sudoriferous glands
What lies over the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles and are attached to them by a layer of connective tissue?
The breasts
What is the pigmented projection of the breast with a series of closely spaced openings of ducts where milk emerges?
The nipple
What is the pigmented area of skin surrounding the nipples called?
Areola
What gives the areola/nipples a rough appearance?
modified sebaceous (oil) gland
Each mammary gland consists of how many lobes arranged radially?
15-20
What is the adipose tissue and strands of connective tissue that separates the lobes of the mammary glands and support the breasts?
Suspensory Ligaments of the breast
The suspensory ligaments of the breast are also called?
Cooper’s ligaments
What are the small units within the lobes of the breasts?
Lobules
How many lobules per lobe?
20-40
What consists of milk-producing acini cells that empty into lactiferous ducts during lactation?
20-40
What are the milk secreting glands within the lobules called?
Alveoli
With the onset of puberty under the influence of what two hormones do the female breasts begin to develop?
- estrogen
- progesterone
What are the function of the mammary glands?
synthesis, secretion, and ejection of milk (lactation)
Milk production is largely stimulated by what hormone?
Prolactin
- with contributions of estrogen and progesterone
Where is prolactin produced?
anterior pituitary
The ejection of milk is stimulated by what hormone?
Oxytocin
Where is oxytocin released from?
posterior pituitary
What is the formation and development of gametes in females?
Oogenesis
Hormones from where control the major events of oogenesis?
- hypothalamus
- anterior pituitary
- ovaries
What kind of hormones released by the ovaries control the uterine(menstrual) cycle?
Steroid
The general term female reproductive cycle encompasses what?
- ovarian and uterine cycles
- hormonal changes that regulate them
- related cyclical changes in the breasts and cervix
What is released by the hypothalamus and controls the ovarian and uterus cycle?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH
GnRH stimulates the release of what two hormones from the anterior pituitary?
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH)
What increase follicular growth and the secretion of estrogen by the growing follicles?
FSH
What stimulates further development of ovarian follicles and their full secretion of estrogen?
LH
At mid cycle, what triggers ovulation and then promotes formation of the yellow body?
LH
When stimulated by LH what does the corpus luteum produce and secrete?
- estrogen
- inhibin
- progesterone
- relaxin
What is secreted by ovarian follicle and has several important functions throughout the body?
estrogen
What promotes the development and maintenance of the female reproductive structure, feminine secondary sex characteristics, and the mammary glands?
estrogen
What stimulates protein synthesis, acting together with insulin-like-growth factors, insulin, and thyroid hormones?
estrogen
What lowers blood cholesterol and is probably the reason that women under 50 have a much lower risk of CAD then men of comparable age?
estrogen
Progesterone, secreted by the corpus luteum acts together with what to prepare and maintain the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized ovum and prepare the mammary glands for milk secretions?
estrogen
What is produced by the corpus luteum to relax the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the myometrium?
relaxin
During pregnancy what continuous to produce relaxin to relax the uterine smooth muscles?
placenta
At the end of pregnancy what increase the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the uterine cervix?
relaxin
What is produce by the growing follicle and the corpus luteum after ovulation to lesser the extent of LH and stop the secretion of FSH?
inhibin
The duration of the female reproductive cycle varies between how many days?
24-36 average 28
What are the 4 phases of the female reproductive cycle?
- menstrual
- pre-ovulatory
- ovulation
- post-ovulation
The menstrual phase also called the mensuration or meses lasts roughly how many days?
First five days of cycle
During what phase do several ovarian follicles grow and enlarge?
menstrual phase
Menstrual flow from the uterus consists of about how many mLs of blood and tissue cells from the endometrium?
50-150
A declining level of what two ovarian hormones causes the uterine arteries to constrict resulting in oxygen deprived tissue of the endometrium to slough off?
- progesterone
- estrogen
What is the time between menstruation and ovulatory phase?
pre-ovulatory phase
What phase accounts for most of the variation in cycle length?
pre-ovulatory phase
In a 28-day cycle how long does the pre-ovulatory phase last?
6-13
By about what days does a single follicle outgrow the other to become the dominants follicle?
day 6
What does the dominant follicle secrete to decrease FSH causing the death of lesser follicles?
- estrogen
- inhibin
What does the one dominant follicle become?
mature graafian follicle
What forms a blister like bulge on the surface of the ovary?
mature graafian follicle
What is the term for the menstrual and pre-menstrual phase?
follicular phase
What is liberated into the blood by growing ovarian follicles stimulating the repair of the endometrium?
estrogen
What is happening as the endometrium is thickening?
- the short, straight endometrial glands develop
- arterioles coil and lengthen
What phase encompasses the rupture of the mature graafian follicle and the release of the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity?
ovulatory
Ovulation usually occurs on what day in a 28 day cycle?
day 14
The high levels of estrogen during the last part of the pre-ovulatory phase exert a positive feedback system of what two hormones?
- LH -anterior pituitary
- GnRH - hypothalamus
The surge in LH brings about what?
rupture of the mature graafian follicle and expulsion of secondary oocyte
What can detect the LH surge associated with ovulation to predict ovulation a day in advance?
over-the-counter home test
What phase of the female reproductive cycle is between ovulation and the onset of the next menstruation?
postovulatory phase
The postovulatory phase is the most constant in duration lasting how many days? what days in a 28-day cycle?
- 14 days
- days 15-28 in a 28-day cycle?
After ovulation what stimulates the remaining follicle cells to enlarge and form the corpus luteum?
LH
Ovulation phase is also known as?
Luteal phase
If the oocyte is not fertilized how long does the corpus luteum last?
2 weeks
When the secondary oocyte is fertilized what is produced by the embryo to rescue the corpus luteum and expand its life span?
HCG
About how many days does it take the embryo to produce HCG?
8 days
Progesterone and estrogen secrete by the corpus luteum promote the growth of what?
endometrial glands
What is secreted by the endometrial glands?
glycogen
The preparatory changes of vascularization and thickening of the endometrium peak at about how many weeks after ovulation? at the time a fertilized ovum might arrive?
1 week after ovulation
What is the term for absence of menstrual cycle?
amenorrhea
More than how many days is considered prolonged menses?
more than 7 days
What is the term for external female genital organs?
vulva
What is another name for the mons pubis?
mons veneris
What is included in the vulva?
- mons pubis
- labia majora
- labia minora
- clitoris
- vestibular glands
- vaginal vestibule
- vaginal orifice
- urethral opening
Under the majora are the hairless labia minora divide into?
two lamellae
The labia minora fuse together to form the?
fourchette
What is the small bud of erectile tissue that is the primary center of sexual excitement?
clitoris
What forms the functional sphincters for the vagina, rectum, and urethra?
muscles
What is in the labia minora and what does it contains?
Vestibule
- urethra
- vagina
- skene gland
- bartholin gland
What drains the urethral glands?
skene glands
What gland secretes lubrications during sexual excitement?
bartholin gland
What is located posteriorly on each side of the vaginal orifice, open onto the sides of the vestibules in the groove between the labia and the hymen?
bartholin glands
What is a musculomembranous tube that is transversely rugated during the reproductive phase of life and inclines posteriorly?
vagina
The anterior wall of the vagina is separated from the bladder and urethra by the?
vesicovaginal septum
The posterior wall is separated from the rectum by the?
rectovaginal septum
The pelvic organs may be palpated through pockets around the cervix called?
fornices
The nonpregnant uterus is usually positioned anteroposterioly and weighs?
60-90 grams
The uterus is divided anatomically in to what?
corpus and cervix
The uterine corpus consists of?
- fundus
- body
- isthmus
What extends from the isthmus into the vagina?
cervix
The uterus opens into the vagina via?
external cervical os
What is the adnexa of the uterus composed of?
- fallopian tubes
- ovaries
What are the pair of oval organs resting in a slight depression on the lateral pelvic wall at the anterorsuperior iliac spine?
ovaries
The external genitalia are supported by what ligaments?
- cardinal
- uterosacral
- round
- broad
What is the average age of monarch in the united states?
11 and 14 years old
Ovarian function diminishes around what age?
40
Menopause occurs between what age?
40 and 55 years old
Ovulation ceases about how many years before menopause?
1-2 years
Menopause is conventionally defined as?
1 year with no menses
What is the position for a pelvic exam?
lithotomy
What pelvic examination is used for disabled women?
The disabled women is the best judge of position
What are some alternative position for pelvic exams?
- diamond
- obstetric stirrups
- m- shaped
- v- shaped
The clitoris is generally how long?
2 cm or less
What is indicated with bulging of the anterior wall and urinary incontinence?
cystocele
What is indicated by bulging of the posterior wall?
rectocele
What is marked by protrusion of the cervix or uterus upon straining?
Uterine prolapse
A cervix with a blueish color and increased vascularity is a sign of what?
pregnancy
A cervix that is positioned anteriorly indicates what?
retroverted uterus
A cervix that is positioned pointing posteriorly indicates what?
anterverted uterus
A cervix that is positioned pointing posteriorly indicates what?
anteverted uterus
Cervix deviation left or right may indicated what?
- pelvic mass
- uterine adhesion
- pregnancy
Rectovaginal exams allow the provider to reach how much higher into the pelvis allowing better evaluation of the pelvic organs and structures?
2.5cm(1in)
External labia swelling, pain, warmth, and redness may mean?
Bartholin gland abscess
ENlarged clitoris in children suggests what?
adrenal hyperplasia
Swelling of the vulvar tissues with bruising or foul smelling odor suggests what?
sexual abuse
Young women who are not sexually active should have there first pelvic exam by what age?
21 y/o
By age of menarche vaginal opening should be at least how many cm wide?
1 cm
Urethral inflammation or dilation suggests what?
UTI
What is Regar sign?
softening of the isthmus
What is chadwicks sign?
bluish cervix
What is Goodell sign?
cervical softening
The uterus deviates at how many weeks of gestation? What is the sign?
- 8 to 10 weeks
- Piskacek sign
What age does PMS usually occur?
late 20s
How long do PMS sx last?
5-7 days
What is characterized by edema, HA, weight gain, behavioral disturbances, nervousness, dysphoria, lack of coordination?
PMS
Infertility is the inability to conceive over how long of unprotected regular intercourse?
1 year
What is the presence of growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus causing pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and heavy prolonged menstral flow?
endometriosis
What is warty lesions on the labia, within the vestibule or in the perianal region as a result of HPV infection.
Condyloma Acuminatum (Genital warts)
What are sexually transmitted and are flesh-colored, whitish pink to reddish brown, discrete, soft growths and may form cauliflower-like masses?
Veneral warts
What are benign skin infection caused by poxvirus, may be transmitted by sexual contact. Lesions are white or flesh colored, dome shaped papules that are round or oval. surface characteristics is central umbilication from a thick creamy core can be expressed?
Molluscum Contagiosum
What is the incubation period for Molluscum Contagiosum?
2-7 weeks
What is the incubation period for Molluscum Contagiosum?
2-7 weeks
What lesion are secondary syphilis appear about 6-12 weeks after infection. Flat, round, or oval papule covered by gray exudates?
Condyloma Latum
What is a firm, painless ulcer. develop internally?
Syphilitic chancre (Primary syphilis)
What STI produces small red vesicles. lesions may itch and are painful and usually confined to small localized patch on the vulva, perineum, vagina or cervix?
Herpes lesion
What is caused by gonococcal infection. Acute inflammation produces a hot, red, tender, fluctuant swelling that may drain pus. Chronic inflammation results in a nontender cyst on the labium?
Inflammation of the Bartholin gland
What is a hernial protrusion of the urinary bladder through the anterior wall of the vagina. bulging can be seen as the woman bears down?
Cystocele
What is the hernial protrusion of part of the rectum through the posterior wall of the vagina?
Rectocele
What is suspected with findings of vaginal discharge, lesions, masses. Appears as ulcerated or raised red lesions on the volva?
Carcinoma
What is the bright red polypoid growth that produces from the urethral meatus?
Urethral carbuncle
What presents with water discharge, usually not foul smelling, dysuria, profuse frothy, greenish discharge?
Trichomoniasis
What presents with purulent discharge from the cervix, skene and bartholin inflammation?
Gonorrhea
What presents with homogenous thin, white or gray discharge, positive KOH with clue cells?
Bacterial vaginosis
What presents with enlarged fluid filled retention cyst that vary in size?
Infected Nabothian cysts
What presents with bright red, soft and fragile arise from the endocervical canal?
Cervical polyps
What appears as shiny red tissue around the os that may bleed easily?
columnar epithelium
What is the result of weakening of the supporting structures of the pelvic floor, often occurring with a cystocele or rectocele?
Uterine prolapse
What degree of uterine prolapse appears with the cervix at the introitus?
2nd degree
What degree of uterine prolapse appear when the cervix and vagina drop outside of the introitus?
3rd degree
What are common, benign, uterine tumors that appear firm, irregular nodules in the contour of the uterus?
myomas
