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kidney > Anatomy of the Kidney and Adrenal Gland > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Kidney and Adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Where do adrenal glands lie

A

Upper pole of the kidney

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2
Q

What is another name for adrenal gland

A

Suprarenal

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3
Q

Where does the right adrenal gland lie

A

Behind the liver and inferior vena cava

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4
Q

Where does the left adrenal gland lie

A

Behind the stomach and pancreas

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5
Q

What are the arteries supplying each gland

A

Superior adrenal artery
Middle adrenal artery
Inferior adrenal artery

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6
Q

What is the superior adrenal artery a branch of

A

Inferior phrenic artery

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7
Q

What is the middle adrenal artery a branch of

A

Abdominal artery

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8
Q

What is the inferior adrenal artery a branch of

A

Renal artery

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9
Q

What are the adrenal glands drained by

A

Single vein on each side

Right and left adrenal gland

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10
Q

What does the right adrenal gland directly drain into

A

Inferior vena cava

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11
Q

What does the left adrenal gland directly drain into

A

Left renal vein - then joins the inferior vena cava

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12
Q

What is the adrenal gland composed of

A

Cortex (outer part)
Medulla (inner part)

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13
Q

What does the cortex of the adrenal gland produce

A

Steroid hormones
Including:
- Cortisol
- Aldosterone
- Testosterone

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14
Q

What does the medulla of the adrenal gland produce

A

Adrenaline

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15
Q

What are the shape and size of the kidneys

A

Two bean-shaped kidneys
11cm long
7cm wide
4cm thick

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16
Q

Where do the kidneys lie

A

Extra-peritoneal structures - lie outside the peritoneum

Retro-peritoneal

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17
Q

Where are the kidneys located

A

One on either side of the upper lumbar vertebrae

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18
Q

What is each kidney embedded by

A

Perinephric fat covered by renal fascia covered by perinephric fat

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19
Q

What is on the medial side of the kidney

A

Renal hilum - where renal vessels, nerves, lymphatics and ureter enter or leave the kidney

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20
Q

What are the right and left arteries branches of

A

Abdominal aorta

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21
Q

What do the right and left renal veins drain into

A

Inferior vena cava

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22
Q

What is the internal aspect of the kidney composed of

A

Cortex
Medulla
Calyces

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23
Q

What is the outer part of the kidneys

A

Cortex

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24
Q

What is the medulla arranged in

A

Pyramids

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25
Q

What are the functional units of the kidneys

A

Nephrons

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26
Q

What is the role of the nephrons

A

Filter blood
Reabsorb water and solutes
Secrete and excrete waste products as urine

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27
Q

What is located in the cortex

A

Glomeruli
Glomerular capsules (Bowman’s capsules)
Proximal and distal tubules
Part of the collecting ducts

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28
Q

What is located in the renal pyramids

A

Nephron loop (of Henle)
Rest of the collecting ducts

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29
Q

From the collecting ducts where does urine travel

A

Down the pyramids towards the renal papilla to the minor calyx

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30
Q

What is the renal papilla

A

Apex of the pyramid

31
Q

What does minor calyxes merge to form

A

Major calyxes

32
Q

What do major calyxes merge to form

A

Renal pelvis

33
Q

What is the renal pelvis continuous with

A

Ureter

34
Q

How do ureters carry urine to the urinary bladder

A

Narrow tubes with muscular walls

Transport urine via peristalsis

35
Q

Where do the ureters run

A

Anterior to psoas major on the posterior abdominal wall

Cross pelvic brim to enter the pelvis

36
Q

Where do the ureters enter the bladder

A

Inferomedial aspect

37
Q

What are kidney (ureteric) stones

A

Hard stones that can form in the kidneys and pass into the ureter

38
Q

What are kidney stones normally made from

A

Calcium oxalate

39
Q

Where do the fibres originate which supply pain to the ureters

A

T12 to L2 nerves

40
Q

Where are the three areas kidney stones can be stuck

A

Pelvi-ureteric junction
Pelvic brim
Vesico-ureteric junction

41
Q

Where is the pevi-ureteric junction

A

Between the renal pelvis and ureter

42
Q

Where is the pelvic rim

A

Where ureter runs over the pelvic brim, anterior to the iliac artery

43
Q

Where is the vesico-ureteric junction

A

Where the ureter joins the bladder

44
Q

Are the kidneys retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal

A

Retroperitoneal

45
Q

Where do the kidneys typically extend

A

T12 - L3

46
Q

How large is a kidney

A

Approximately 3 vertebrae in the length

47
Q

What are the layers in which the kidney is encased

A

Deep to superficial

Renal capsule
Perineal fat
Renal fascia
Pararenal fat

48
Q

What is the renal capsule

A

Tough fibrous capsule

49
Q

What is perineal fat

A

Collection of extraperitoneal fat

50
Q

What does the renal fascia enclose

A

Kidneys and suprarenal glands

51
Q

Where is pararenal fat mainly located

A

Posterolateral aspect of kidneys

52
Q

What can the renal parenchyma be divided into

A

Outer cortex

Inner medulla

53
Q

What is the apex of a renal pyramid called

A

Renal papilla

54
Q

What collects urine from the pyramids

A

Minor calyx

55
Q

What is the blood supply to the kidneys

A

Renal arteries

56
Q

Where do the renal arteries arise

A

Directly from the abdominal aorta - immediately distal to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery

57
Q

What is the order through the kidneys

A

Renal pyramids
Renal papilla
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter

58
Q

Which of the renal arteries is longer

A

Right due to the position of the abdominal aorta

59
Q

What % of the blood does the anterior division of the renal artery carry

A

75%

60
Q

What % of the blood does the posterior division of the renal artery carry

A

25%

61
Q

How many segmental arteries arise from the anterior and posterior divisions of the renal arteries

A

5

62
Q

What is the division of the segmental arteries

A

Interlobar arteries (located either side of every renal pyramid)
Arcuate arteries
90 degrees to the arcuate arteries - interlobular arteries
Pass through cortex become afferent arterioles

63
Q

What and where is the peritubular network

A

Outer 2/3 of the renal cortex

Efferent arterioles for

Supplies nephron tubules with oxygen and nutrients

64
Q

What is the inner 1/3 of the cortex and medulla supplied by

A

Vasa recta

65
Q

Describe venous drainage of the kidneys

A

By left and right renal veins

Leave hilum anteriorly to renal arteries

Empty directly into inferior vena cava

66
Q

Which renal vein is longer

A

Left renal vein as vena cava lies slightly to the right

67
Q

How long approx. are the ureters

A

25cm long

68
Q

Where do the ureters arise

A

From renal pelvis

69
Q

What is the name for the point at which the renal pelvis narrows to form the ureter

A

Ureteropelvic junction

70
Q

When ureters descend through the abdomen are they intra or retroperitoneal

A

Retroperitoneal

71
Q

What happens to the ureters at the area of the sacroiliac joints

A

Ureters cross the pelvic brim

Enter the pelvic cavity

Cross the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries

72
Q

What happens to the ureters in the pelvic cavity

A

Travel down the lateral pelvic walls

At the level of the ischial spines - turn anteromedially - moving transverse plane towards the bladder

73
Q

What is the difference between the renal veins

A

Right
- adrenal vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava

Left
- adrenal vein drains first into the left renal vein
- then joins the inferior vena cava

kidney (7 decks)

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