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Ecology - Evolution > Mechanisms - Conflict and Co-operation > Flashcards

Mechanisms - Conflict and Co-operation Flashcards

1
Q

What does Darwins idea of natural selection come from?

A

Tragedy of the Commons

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2
Q

Tragedy of the Commons

A

This is a situation in which individuals with access to a public resource act in their own interest and ultimately deplete the resource.

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3
Q

What is an example of conspecific brood parasitism?

A

Females increase reproductive success by laying eggs in other species nest, the host evolving mechanisms to defend against this.

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4
Q

Game Theory

A

This is a framework for concieving social situatiosn among competing players.

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5
Q

How is game theory used in evolution?

A

Calculation of ESS by evolution of fitness of contending genotypes.

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6
Q

What does ESS describe?

A

A phenotype that cannot be replaced by any other in specified conditons.

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7
Q

Where can ESS be applied for example?

A

Male displays in competition, aiming to reduce ocnlfict thus injury or death.

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8
Q

Hawk-Dove Model

A

Hawks will escalate conflicts until one retreats or is injured, whilst doves retreat as soon as opponent escalates the conflcits.

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9
Q

What is the difference between hawk and dove?

A

Hawks are more likely to win, whilst Doves more likely to escape and live.

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10
Q

When is the Hawk an ESS?

A

If contest is greater than cost of injury?

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11
Q

What happens to hawk phenotype if cost of injury > succesful contest?

A

Can be replaced by mixed strategy.

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12
Q

Assessor Strategy

A

This is one in which an assessor dispalys first, evaluating whether they would win or lose from information provided by the display, then retreating if they assess they are the loser.

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13
Q

What is an example of assessor strategy?

A

Anolis lizards by size of a dewlap proportional to biting force.

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14
Q

Why are deceptive signals unstable in Assessor strategies?

A

Selection would favour competitors ignoring these signals.

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15
Q

What happens if a dove imitates a hawk?

A

Over time individuals will learn the signal is not a reliable indicator.

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16
Q

Example of deceptive signals arising?

A

Fiddler crab, if claw is lost it regenerates with less muscle and weaker, but same size.

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17
Q

What is an example of co-operation?

A

Soil cells conglomerate forming spore structures where spore-forming cells reproducte but the stalk-forming cells apoptose.

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18
Q

What is an example of group formation by self-interest?

A

Joining a herd lowers predation risk, advantageous to be closer to centre, thus compacting.

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19
Q

What is an example of self-interest in birds?

A

Long-tailed manakin males have a courtship display of leap-forgging each other, females basing on co-ordination but always picking dominant(benefit is when dominant dies, the sub has experience)

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20
Q

Reciprocity

A

These are mechanicsm of co-operative/altrusitic behaviour may be favoured by probability of future mutual interactions.

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21
Q

When does co-operation evolve?

A

If individual X profits benefiting another individual Y and if Y reciprocates in the future.

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22
Q

Prisoners Dilemma

A

This is a paradox in decision analysis in which two idnividuals acting in their own self interests do not produce the optimal outcome.

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23
Q

What is the cost of co-operation?

A

If y defects/dies before paying back, like prisoners dilemma.

24
Q

Example of co-operation?

A

Vampire bats, feeding on mammalian blood where they regurgitate excess to other group members, eventaully reciprocate.

25
Q

Reproductive Skew Theroy

A

This describes how reproduction is shared among dominants to subordinates if both gain reproductive benefits.

26
Q

Partner-Fidelity Feedback

A

This is when co-operation of one species has a postiive phenotypic effect on the other species that provides a feedback benefit.

27
Q

What is example of partner-fidelity feedback?

A

In rhizobia in legumes, fixating N2 benefits plant, reciprocating with carbon, not cheating as plant regulates benefits.

28
Q

What is selection on the level of the gene?

A

An allele replacing another allele if it leaves more copies of itself in successive generations by means of whatever effect it may have.

29
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

This describes both direct fitness(indivdiual bearing the allele) and indirect fitness(other individuals carrying copies of the same allele)

30
Q

What is the green-beard effect?

A

This says that an allele for a phenotypic trait enables its carriers to recognise other indivdiauls with the same trait.

31
Q

What is an example of the green-beard effect?

A

The csA gene in amoeba forming slug like structures differentiating into reproductive spores and a stalk that altruistically dies.

32
Q

What is the function of the csA gene?

A

Expresses cell-adgesion protines binding the same protein of membranes of other cells.

33
Q

Kin Selection

A

This is allele frequency change as a consequence of the actions/interactions among indivdiuals who share alleles by recent common descent.

34
Q

What is the principle of kin selection?

A

An act benefiting another but incurring a cost onto itself will increase in frequency if the number of alleles passed on by the altruists beneficiary to the next generation is greater due to the altrusitic behaviour.

35
Q

Hamiltons Rule

A

This states that selection will favor altruistic behaviour if the benefits to the recipient times the relatedness between actor and recipient outweigh the costs of the actor.

36
Q

When may parental care cost mother their life?

A

If more than two extra surviving offspring survive.

37
Q

What is parental care mother death based on?

A

An autosomal locus in diploid inherits one of mothers two gene where the COR for mother and offspring is 0.5(same for two full siblings) whilst probability siblings inherit copies is 0.25.
If mother died yet two extra offspring lived, where mothers A allele has r=0.5 probability of being carried by her offspring, death would benefit her.

38
Q

How does aunts/uncles relate to parental care altruism?

A

r=0.25 so they may take care of the niece/nephew if fitness benefit is four-fold greater than cost of care.

39
Q

What is an example of spite traits?

A

Bacteriocins in bacteria secrete toxins decreasing own growth rate and killing nearby bacteria.

40
Q

Why might parental care be selected against?

A

If resources may be implmeented into producing more as opposed to caring for one.

41
Q

Why might infanticide be sexually selected for?

A

Females become more quickly fertile and sexually receptive when not nursing

42
Q

What is brood size correlated with?

A

Resource requirements.

43
Q

How may brood resources requirement be regulated?

A

Parents may kill offspring.

44
Q

What is parents offspring proportional to?

A

Surviving offspring(size of egg cluthc or brood x per capita probability of survival)

45
Q

Parental-offspring Conflict

A

This says that parents and offspring should disagree over amount of parental resoruces invested in offspring, so offspring should always demand more than parents are willing to invest.

46
Q

Why might parental-offspring conflict arise?

A

Parent is equally related to all offspring(r=0.5)

47
Q

Euscoialality

A

This is a social system with a high reproductive skew where only one female breeds and her sterile offspring assist her in raising younger siblings.

48
Q

Reproductive Skeq

A

This is a measure of the way breeding is distributed among the members of an animal socieity or group.

49
Q

What is an example of Eusociality?

A

Hymenoptera workers are infertile females, whilst queens breed.

50
Q

What is the breeding proportion of progeny for Hymenoptera?

A

Most hatched are workers whilst reproductive males/females birthed depending on diet, controlled by workers.

51
Q

Haplodiploid

A

Females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid, whilst males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haplod

52
Q

How does the COR relate in hymenoptera?

A

0.5 between parent and offspring and full siblings, whilst female more closely related to her sisters(0.75) than to daughters(0.5)

53
Q

What is reproduction in female worker in hymenoptera?

A

Can lay haploid eggs, more closely related to her sons(0.5) than to her queen mothers sons(0.5) thus worers gain direct iftness benefits by laying eggs.

54
Q

What is ROR in queen hymenoptera?

A

More closely related to her own sons(0.5) than to her daughters sons(0.25), thus often destroys worker eggs.

55
Q

How might works control sex raito?

A

Witholding care of male larvae and altering proportion of care for females developing into queens versus workers.

Ecology - Evolution (9 decks)

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