Foreign Policy (Netherlands/England) Flashcards
What did John Lynch say about Philip accessing the wealth of the Netherlands?
‘ he had to use methods of government more absolute than those of his predecessors in order to break the constitutional restraints on his authority.’
Philip’s aims in the Netherlands?
- stamp out Protestantism and secure Catholicism
- some argue he wanted to impose despotic rule
- ensuring his rights as a ruler remained protected
Who was appointed viceroy in the Netherlands? Why may this be considered a poor decision?
Margaret of Parma - she had been raised in Italy and was easily manipulated by Dutch nobles
1563
William of Orange, Count of Egmont and Philip of Hornes withdrew from the Council of State and called for a relaxation in heresy laws. Philip’s implementation of 3 supporters of a centrally controlled government on the council angered them, along with fears that they were moving towards a more centralised government and would lose power as a result
How many Bishops did Philip plan to have in the Netherlands and why?
He wanted to increase the number of Bishops from 4 to 18 and this was not only to strengthen Catholicism in the Netherlands, but also Philip’s control over the church. The crowns political power would be englarged al
What did William of Orange request?
An equivalent to the 1555 peace of Augsburg and this was not well received
Iconoclastic Fury
1566, calvanists rioted damaging Catholic Churches
Philip’s main shortcoming leading up to the iconoclastic fury?
Sent Margaret conflicting messages as to what to do and by the time Philip had decided to make concessions it was too late.
How many visits did Philip pay to the Netherlands prior to the revolt?
3
Who was sent to the Netherlands in 1567? What were his instructions?
Duke of Alba - ordered to set up a council of troubles which went on to sentence 1100 people to death who were involved with the revolt and arrest 12 300. By this point Margaret had largely calmed tensions, however, and she refused to work with Alba due to his harsh approach
Tenth Penny
A 10% sales tax that Alba attempted to introduce but this led to a second outbreak of rebellion - by 1572 most of the northern areas of the Netherlands were in revolt, particularly zeeland and holland.
Who replaced Alba as governor and when?
Luis de Requesens in 1573
What position was Granvelle given in 1560? Why did this anger Dutch nobles?
Archbishop of Mechelen - the pope had also promoted him to cardinal meaning he took precedence over William of Orange and Egmont on the council of state
When did Orange flee the Netherlands?
1567
What was Alba’s council nicknamed?
Council of Blood
When were Egmont and Hornes executed? What happened 2 years later?
June 1568 - two years later, Philip had Horne’s incarcerated brother, Floris secretly strangled to death and claimed he died of illness.
1972
Alba issued the execution of 2000 troops and magistrates and imposed a fine of 200 000 florins.
Spanish Fury
Spanish troops had not been paid and they went and ransacked dutch towns in 1576 - 8000 civilians died as a result. When southern states realised they could no longer look to Spain for protection, they too joined the revolt.
Requesenes death and his replacement?
1576 - don john.
Pacification of Ghent
1576 - called for the expulsion of Spanish troops from the Low Countries, the restoration of provincial and local prerogatives, and an end to the persecution of Calvinists or anyone else for religious reasons.
Perpetual Edict
1577 - provided for the removal of Spanish troops from Netherlands
